Fluorochemical Mass Flows in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility
Open accessAbstract
Fluorochemicals have widespread applications and are released into municipal wastewater treatment plants via domestic wastewater. A field study was conducted at a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant to determine the mass flows of selected fluorochemicals. Flow-proportional, 24 h samples of raw influent, primary effluent, trickling filter effluent, secondary effluent, and final effluent and grab samples of primary, thickened, activated, and anaerobically digested sludge were collected over 10 days and analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Significant decreases in the mass flows of perfluorohexane sulfonate and perfluorodecanoate occurred during trickling filtration and primary clarification, while activated sludge treatment decreased the mass flow of perfluorohexanoate. Mass flows of the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate were unchanged as a result of wastewater treatment, which indicates that conventional wastewater treatment is not effective for removal of these compounds. A net increase in the mass flows for perfluorooctane and perfluorodecane sulfonates occurred from trickling filtration and activated sludge treatment. Mass flows for perfluoroalkylsulfonamides and perfluorononanoate also increased during activated sludge treatment and are attributed to degradation of precursor molecules.
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PFAS precursors can degrade into PFCAs and PFSAs, increasing their concentrations in receiving water bodies.
“PFAS precursors can degrade into PFCAs and PFSAs, increasing their concentrations in receiving water bodies [126].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [126]
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- Authors
- Schultz, M. M., Higgins, C. P., Huset, C. A., Luthy, R. G., Barofsky, D. F., & Field, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Field, Jennifer A.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2006-08-26
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 7350-7357
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- PMC
- PMC2556954
- OpenAlex
- W1999036567
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 14.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES000210, #P30-ES00210)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- fluorochemicals, perfluorinated compounds, mass flow, municipal wastewater treatment, PFHxS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, perfluorononanoate, activated sludge, biotrickling filter, anaerobic digestion, sludge, wastewater effluent, PFAS removal
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Liquid, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Sewage, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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