Brain masculinization requires androgen receptor function
Open accessAbstract
Testicular testosterone produced during a critical perinatal period is thought to masculinize and defeminize the male brain from the inherent feminization program and induce male-typical behaviors in the adult. These actions of testosterone appear to be exerted not through its androgenic activity, but rather through its conversion by brain aromatase into estrogen, with the consequent activation of estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling. Thus, the role of androgen receptor (AR) in perinatal brain masculinization underlying the expression of male-typical behaviors remains unclear because of the conversion of testosterone into estrogen in the brain. Here, we report a null AR mutation in mice generated by the Cre-loxP system. The AR-null mutation in males ( AR L-/Y ) resulted in the ablation of male-typical sexual and aggressive behaviors, whereas female AR-null homozygote ( AR L-/L- ) mice exhibited normal female sexual behaviors. Treatment with nonaromatizable androgen (5α-dihydrotestosterone, DHT) was ineffective in restoring the impaired male sexual behaviors, but it partially rescued impaired male aggressive behaviors in AR L-/Y mice. Impaired male-typical behaviors in ER α -/- mice were restored on DHT treatment. The role of AR function in brain masculinization at a limited perinatal stage was studied in AR L-/L- mice. Perinatal DHT treatment of females led to adult females sensitive to both 17β-estradiol and DHT in the induction of male-typical behaviors. However, this female brain masculinization was abolished by AR inactivation. Our results suggested that perinatal brain masculinization requires AR function and that expression of male-typical behaviors in adults is mediated by both AR-dependent and -independent androgen signaling.
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Male rodents lacking gonads, androgen receptors or estrogen receptors display substantially decreased aggression and sexual behaviours.
“Male rodents lacking gonads, androgen receptors or estrogen receptors display substantially decreased aggression and sexual behaviours [8–11]”
From Effects of sex and gonadectomy on social investigation and social recognition in mice (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
An obese phenotype of increased subcutaneous and visceral fat mass as well as increased numbers of larger adipocytes have been reported in ARKOs fed a regular chow diet from 9-12 weeks of age.
“An obese phenotype of increased subcutaneous and visceral fat mass as well as increased numbers of larger adipocytes have been reported in ARKOs fed a regular chow diet from 9–12 weeks of age.”
From The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [147]
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- Authors
- Sato, T., Matsumoto, T., Kawano, H., Watanabe, T., Uematsu, Y., Sekine, K., Fukuda, T., Aihara, K.-I., Krust, A., Yamada, T., Nakamichi, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Nakamura, T., Yoshimura, K., Yoshizawa, T., Metzger, D., Chambon, P., & Kato, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National...
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-01-27
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1673-1678
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC341816
- OpenAlex
- W2002653885
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Keywords
- brain masculinization, androgen receptor, aromatase, estrogen receptor alpha, sexual behavior, aggression, dihydrotestosterone, androgen signaling, sex differences in brain development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Pregnancy, Receptors, Androgen, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Mice, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, Androgen Receptor Antagonists
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