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Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice
Open accessAbstract
Practitioners understand “meditation,” or mental training, to be a process of familiarization with one's own mental life leading to long-lasting changes in cognition and emotion. Little is known about this process and its impact on the brain. Here we find that long-term Buddhist practitioners self-induce sustained electroencephalographic high-amplitude gamma-band oscillations and phase-synchrony during meditation. These electroencephalogram patterns differ from those of controls, in particular over lateral frontoparietal electrodes. In addition, the ratio of gamma-band activity (25-42 Hz) to slow oscillatory activity (4-13 Hz) is initially higher in the resting baseline before meditation for the practitioners than the controls over medial frontoparietal electrodes. This difference increases sharply during meditation over most of the scalp electrodes and remains higher than the initial baseline in the postmeditation baseline. These data suggest that mental training involves temporal integrative mechanisms and may induce short-term and long-term neural changes.
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“Lutz et al. [16] found increased gamma over frontolateral and posterior electrodes in non-referential, objectless compassion meditation”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“As such, our study contrasts with other EEG studies finding state effects in the EEG power spectrum in various meditation practices [16–18, 72].”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following the finding by Lutz et al. [16] of a meditation state effect on the higher over lower frequencies ratio”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“It is concluded that meditation may improve detection ability, monitor immediate ventilatory needs and respiratory load, improve mental acuity, promote patients' active participation in daily life activities, and achieve better self-care management of disease for anxious patients with COPD.31–33”
From The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for patients with COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“It may be noted that Tibetan monk meditators have been found to have 80 Hz gamma synchrony, and perhaps more intense experience [143].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [143]
In the citing paper
“Functional connectivity studies of meditation have indicated increased connectivity between anterior and posterior nodes of the DMN at rest123,124 and during meditation125,126 in experienced meditators with 10,000 h of practice but not following 8 weeks of training,127”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [124]
In the citing paper
“Other studies have reported higher baseline (trait) and state-related increases in gamma power in long-term Tibetan Buddhist practitioners,124 Vipassana meditators,146 as well as meditators in other traditions,150 which are indicative of a more highly alert and aware brain state.”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [124]
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InfluentialA reliable model for gamma oscillations in hippocampal tissue
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“In some of the subjects, the level of synchrony was ‘the highest reported in the literature in a nonpathological context’ (Lutz et al. 2004, 16,372).”
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“Since the magnitude (increased synchronisation) of c responses is thought to track levels of awareness [69], we expected oscillatory amplitude to be greater when subjects reported awareness of taskrelevant visual stimuli.”
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“Moreover, it was found that gamma synchrony shows up not only during attention to an external stimulus, but also in altered states of consciousness, such as meditation (Lutz et al., 2004) and REM sleep (Llinás and Ribary, 1993; Montgomery et al.”
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“While some authors claim that fast oscillations could predispose meditators to seizures and that gamma oscillation is related to default mode network in frontal areas,[40,41] others show that long‐term practice of meditation bilaterally induces high‐amplitude gamma synchrony in EEG recordings over the parieto‐temporal…”
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A case study of a meditation-induced altered state: increased overall gamma synchronization
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“…regulation and top-down inhibitory control, traits that are altered in depressive ruminations, whereas gamma power may be enhanced during the processing of negative emotional material, leading to less of a self-egocentric state and to a more non-referential meditative state (Lutz et al., 2004).”
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“The change in gamma oscillations in relation to the slow rhythms (4-23 Hz) play a complementary function to the fast rhythms [17].”
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“…nondual awareness will be seen in the effects of the central precuneus network on the global organization of the brain, in the increased functional integration of intrinsic and extrinsic networks and in the increase in left–right symmetry (Lutz et al. 2004; Josipovic et al. 2012; Johnson 2016).”
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The psychology of prayer and the development of the Prayer Experience Questionnaire
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“For example, Lutz, Greischar, Rawlings, Ricard, and Davidson ( 2004 ) compared Tibetan monks and college students who had received meditational training.”
BackgroundEnergy and Potassium Ion Homeostasis during Gamma Oscillations
Kann, O., Hollnagel, J., Elzoheiry, S., & Schneider, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00047 · Cited by 34
“…Haenschel et al. (2000); van Vugt et al. (2010); and Popa et al. (2013) Strong relationship to higher Gray et al. (1989); Pantev et al. (1991); Lutz et al. (2004); and Zhang et al. (2012) brain functions Fast rhythmic inhibition Traub et al. (2001); Hájos et al. (2004); Cardin et al. (2009);…”
BackgroundThe beneficial effects of meditation: contribution of the anterior cingulate and locus coeruleus.
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“During mindfulness meditation, increased EEG activity in both theta (Kubota et al., 2001; Cahn and Polich, 2006; Slagter et al., 2009; Tang et al., 2009; Cahn et al., 2013) and gamma (Lutz et al., 2004; Cahn and Polich, 2006; Cahn et al., 2010, 2013) wave lengths have been recorded.”
BackgroundReligious and spiritual factors in resilience
Foy, D. W., Drescher, K. D., & Watson, P. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.008 · Cited by 34
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“…(as he is affectionately known among his peers at Shechen Monastery) has been a close collaborator with a number of scientists, including Richie Davidson, Antoine Lutz, Paul Ekman, Tania Singer, and others (Lutz et al., 2004; Ekman et al., 2005; Levenson et al., 2012; Klimecki et al., 2013b).”
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“Support for the neurobiological effects of CBT stems from multiple lines of evidence (Lutz et al., 2004; Paquette et al., 2003); however, successful treatment of PTSD via CBT requires that counselors know when and how much to stimulate their clients during any treatment plan.”
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“The associations between meditation practice and outcome variables were minimal in other studies, or completely non-existent in seven studies (Pace et al., 2010; May et al., 2011; Desbordes et al., 2012; Mascaro et al., 2012; Klimecki et al., 2012, 2013; Weibel et al., 2016).”
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“The physiological changes demonstrated with 1 week of meditation by Lutz et al. (2004) and Lutz et al. (2008a) suggest that the results of experiment 2 may be replicated with less training.”
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“Also, it was reported that gamma band activity increased in experienced practitioners [35].”
BackgroundThe gamma rhythm as a guardian of brain health
Ichim, A.-M., Bârzan, H., Moca, V. V., Nagy-Dăbâcan, A., Ciuparu, A., Hapca, A., Vervaeke, K., & Muresan, R. C. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100238 · Cited by 39
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“…found linked to feelings of autonomy and competence (Neff, 2003a), higher levels of brain activation in the left prefrontal cortex, a region associated with joy and optimism (Lutz et al., 2004), and they help to maintain optimistic expectations about the future (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994).”
Backgroundde Zambotti, M., Yüksel, D., Kiss, O., Barresi, G., Arra, N., Volpe, L., King, C. D., & Baker, F. C. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221107887 · Cited by 38
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Human Potential: Exploring Techniques Used to Enhance Human Performance
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Lower trait frontal theta activity in mindfulness meditators
Tanaka, G. K., Peressutti, C., Teixeira, S. S., Cagy, M., Piedade, R. A. M., Nardi, A. E., Ribeiro, P. F. M., & Velasques, B. (2014) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20140133 · Cited by 31
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Effects of a multi-sensory environment on brain-injured patients: Assessment of spectral patterns
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“A similar pattern of changes was also reported in a previous EEG study, where gamma band activity in long-term meditators notably differed from that in controls over lateral frontal and parietal electrodes [27].”
ResultGoldstein, M. R., Turner, A. D., Dawson, S. C., Segal, Z. V., Shapiro, S. L., Wyatt, J. K., Manber, R., Sholtes, D., & Ong, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.02.012 · Cited by 32
“The waking EEG literature has concurrently reported similar findings of meditation-related increases in high-frequency (>15Hz) EEG activity thought to reflect increased alertness[19,20].”
BackgroundBornemann, B., Kovacs, P., & Singer, T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44201-7 · Cited by 30
Saniotis, A., & Henneberg, M. (2011) · World Futures · doi:10.1080/02604027.2011.555250 · Cited by 30
“The study pointed to meditation’s ability to alter brain structure and function (Lutz et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEffect of anapanasati meditation technique through electrophotonic imaging parameters: A pilot study
Deo, G., Itagi, R., Thaiyar, M., & Kuldeep, K. (2015) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.158474 · Cited by 30
“[6,20] Comparison of psycho‑diagnostic data demonstrates the correlation between indices of voluntary attention, logic, memory, and focused thinking with EPI parameters of AC.”
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“Neuroscience research has also demonstrated that loving-kindness and compassion meditation is associated with positive alteration in the structure and functioning of the brain (Lutz et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMindfulness intervention for improving cognitive abilities using EEG signal
Gupta, S. S., Manthalkar, R. R., & Gajre, S. S. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103072 · Cited by 31
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The apical dendrite theory of consciousness
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Slow-paced inspiration regularizes alpha phase dynamics in the human brain
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“Indeed, because breathing can be partly brought under voluntary control, conscious pacing of breathing at a slow rate is often embraced by meditative techniques to regulate cognitive and emotional states (Lutz et al. 2004; Paul et al. 2013; Zeidan et al. 2010).”
BackgroundEffects of meditation practice on spontaneous eyeblink rate
Kruis, A., Slagter, H. A., Bachhuber, D. R. W., Davidson, R. J., & Antoine Lutz, A. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12619 · Cited by 31
Self-citationThe pattern theory of compassion
Gallagher, S., Raffone, A., & Aglioti, S. M. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.04.005 · Cited by 37
“A putative mechanism may involve large-scale oscillatory synchronization in the brain, as observed in the gamma band in long-term compassion meditation practitioners [56].”
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“58 Lutz et al. (2004).”
Beyond Ethical Frameworks: Using Moral Experimentation in the Engineering Ethics Classroom
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EEG source imaging during two Qigong meditations
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“Lately, the gamma frequency band attracted particular attention during meditation (Lehmann et al. 2001; Lutz et al. 2004; Cahn et al. 2010; Lavallee et al. 2011; Berkovich-Ohana et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialJuventin, M., Ghibaudo, V., Granget, J., Amat, C., Courtiol, E., & Buonviso, N. (2022) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-022-02722-7 · Cited by 31
“This could be a consequence of the calming effect of controlled slow and deep breathing observed during meditative states [61].”
BackgroundLiu, Z., Zhu, Z., Kao, H. S. R., Zong, Y., Tang, S., Xu, M., Liu, I. C. Y., Lam, S. P. W., & Wang, R. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s55016 · Cited by 28
“When long-term practitioners of meditation engage in mental training, it involves temporal integrative mechanisms, which may induce short-term and long-term neural changes through the generation of gamma waves.(25) This is also what the act of calligraphy entails, showing both the fast gamma waves and the deep relaxin…”
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Age differences in spirituality, mystical experiences and wisdom
Le, T. N. (2008) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x0700685x · Cited by 29
“Although studies of religious/spiritual phenomena have recently centred on uncovering the neuro-physiological correlates associated with such experiences (e.g. Lutz et al. 2004; Newberg and D’Aguili 2000), information is scant about their impact on or consequences for human development.”
BackgroundMerhametin Öznel İyi Oluş Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Etkisinin İncelenmesi
İşgör, İ. Y. (2017) · Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.21547/jss.290441 · Cited by 28
The neurobiology of mindfulness meditation.
Zeidan, F. Z. (2014) · Cited by 27
De, A., & Mondal, S. (2020) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_78_19 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior, Waisman Center, and Laboratory for Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705; and Shechen Monastery, P.O. Box 136, Kathmandu, Nepal
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- ORCID
- Davidson, Richard J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-11-08
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- 16369-16373
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC526201
- OpenAlex
- W2165337576
- Cited by
- 1,328
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 34.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mind and Life Institute
- Fondation Fyssen
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH061083)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- meditation, long-term meditators, Buddhist meditation, gamma oscillations, phase synchronization, mental practice, frontoparietal cortex, neuroplasticity, temporal integration, EEG
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electroencephalography, Humans, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Meditation
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