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Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice
Open accessAbstract
Practitioners understand “meditation,” or mental training, to be a process of familiarization with one's own mental life leading to long-lasting changes in cognition and emotion. Little is known about this process and its impact on the brain. Here we find that long-term Buddhist practitioners self-induce sustained electroencephalographic high-amplitude gamma-band oscillations and phase-synchrony during meditation. These electroencephalogram patterns differ from those of controls, in particular over lateral frontoparietal electrodes. In addition, the ratio of gamma-band activity (25-42 Hz) to slow oscillatory activity (4-13 Hz) is initially higher in the resting baseline before meditation for the practitioners than the controls over medial frontoparietal electrodes. This difference increases sharply during meditation over most of the scalp electrodes and remains higher than the initial baseline in the postmeditation baseline. These data suggest that mental training involves temporal integrative mechanisms and may induce short-term and long-term neural changes.
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“Lutz et al. [16] found increased gamma over frontolateral and posterior electrodes in non-referential, objectless compassion meditation”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“As such, our study contrasts with other EEG studies finding state effects in the EEG power spectrum in various meditation practices [16–18, 72].”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following the finding by Lutz et al. [16] of a meditation state effect on the higher over lower frequencies ratio”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“It is concluded that meditation may improve detection ability, monitor immediate ventilatory needs and respiratory load, improve mental acuity, promote patients' active participation in daily life activities, and achieve better self-care management of disease for anxious patients with COPD.31–33”
From The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for patients with COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“It may be noted that Tibetan monk meditators have been found to have 80 Hz gamma synchrony, and perhaps more intense experience [143].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [143]
In the citing paper
“Functional connectivity studies of meditation have indicated increased connectivity between anterior and posterior nodes of the DMN at rest123,124 and during meditation125,126 in experienced meditators with 10,000 h of practice but not following 8 weeks of training,127”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [124]
In the citing paper
“Other studies have reported higher baseline (trait) and state-related increases in gamma power in long-term Tibetan Buddhist practitioners,124 Vipassana meditators,146 as well as meditators in other traditions,150 which are indicative of a more highly alert and aware brain state.”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [124]
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“Furthermore, electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) investigations suggest the importance of large-scale coherent oscillatory patterns in the brain in meditation (e.g., Hauswald et al. 2015; Lutz et al. 2004; Marzetti et al. 2014; Murata et al. 2004).”
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“Progressive relaxation (Ghoncheh and Smith, 2004; Scheufele, 2000), visualization and guided imagery (Lutz et al., 2004) and fl ow experience (Jackson, 1996) Occup.”
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“…shared representations of self and others (i.e., non-dual unification), including empathy (Singer, Critchley, & Preuschoff, 2009), and compassion (Lutz et al., 2004), associated with unified non-dual experiences (diminished self-referential, and converging enhanced self-other shared…”
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“Within this context, meditation has a long-term orientation and is often delivered under the supervision of an experienced teacher in regular and/or intensive retreat settings (Lutz et al., 2004).”
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“6Increases in gamma activity in the resting EEG of Buddhist practitioners doing meditation training for 10.000–50.000 h over 15–40 years (Lutz et al., 2004) may reflect an extreme example.”
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“Recent neuroimaging and EEG studies examining a wide range of meditative practices show consistent activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex — both regions critical to working memory and attention (Lazar et al. 2000; 2005; Lou et al. 1999; Lutz et al. 2004; Newberg et al. 2001; Wal…”
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“In previous studies, evidence of gamma increases was found for advanced meditators (Cahn & Polich, 2006; Lutz et al., 2004) and gamma power was found to be related to positive emotions, such as laughter (Berk et al., 2016).”
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“Therefore, finding an effect that is stronger at lower gamma frequencies, as in the present research, is unlikely to be a reflection of EMG contamination (see Goncharova et al., 2003; see also Lutz et al., 2004).”
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“Mindfulness in a higher state of consciousness, is usually achieved via meditative breathing, concentration, and inner attention to the stream of consciousness, which is accompanied by changes in brain wave activity (Anand, China, & Singh, 1961; Davidson, Kabat-Zinn, & Schumacher, 2003; Kasamatsu & Harari, 1966; Lutz…”
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“For example, meditation techniques have been found to be associated with sustained wellbeing (Lutz et al. 2004) and neuronal growth in areas of the brain associated with positive emotion (Davidson and McEwen 2012).”
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“…literature showing that spiritual practice, such as praying and meditating, as well as mindfulness practice, are associated with brain plasticity (Lutz et al., 2004; Lazar et al., 2005; Hölzel et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2014; Tan L.-F. et al., 2014), we also investigated possible differences in…”
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“Typically, these scillations are categorized into several frequency bands such as delta Knyazev, 2012 ), theta ( Klimesch, 1999 ), alpha ( Foster et al., 2017 ), eta ( Baumeister et al., 2008 ), gamma wave ( Lutz et al., 2004 ).”
BackgroundEEG-guided meditation: A personalized approach
Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., & Kallio-Tamminen, T. (2015) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.03.001 · Cited by 50
Collins, K. R. L., Best, I., Stritzke, W. G. K., & Page, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000167 · Cited by 57
A pilot study: mindfulness meditation intervention in COPD
Chan, R., Giardino, N., & Larson, J. (2015) · International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.2147/copd.s73864 · Cited by 47
Crowley, C., Kapitula, L. R., & Munk, D. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1754839 · Cited by 56
“Not only did the monks produce 30 times more gamma waves than the control group, but much larger areas of their brains were activated during meditation, especially in the left prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for positive emotions.(18) The impact of mindfulness on everyday affect is an important ar…”
BackgroundCognitive Time Scales in a Necker-Zeno Model for Bistable Perception
Atmanspacher, H., Bach, M., Filk, T., Kornmeier, J., & Römer, H. (2008) · The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal · doi:10.2174/1874110x00802010234 · Cited by 49
“In the frequency domain, Lehmann et al. (2001) and Lutz et al. (2004) reported specific features of γ-activity in particular meditative states and interpreted these results in terms of different modes of awareness.”
Educação em saúde e espiritualidade: proposições metodológicas
Dal-Farra, R. A., & Geremia, C. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/s0100-55022010000400015 · Cited by 53
Mindfulness‐Based Couple Interventions: A Systematic Literature Review
Winter, F., Steffan, A., Warth, M., Ditzen, B., & Aguilar‐Raab, C. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12683 · Cited by 53
“Studies so far have either focused on the immediate state effects of mindfulness in novices and long-term practitioners (Creswell et al., 2014; Lutz et al., 2004) or on the enduring effects and trait characteristics of long-term meditators (Fogarty et al.”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Hudak, J., Nakamura, Y., & Froeliger, B. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo4455 · Cited by 51
“Although such meditation-induced self-transcendent states are usually assumed to be achieved by only expert practitioners with tens of thousands of hours of meditation experience ( 19 , 20 ), psychometric research indicates that they can occur even among novices ( 21 , 22 ).”
BackgroundConscience and consciousness: a definition.
Vithoulkas, G., & Muresanu, D. F. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 46
Mindfulness: Reconnecting the Body and Mind in Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology
Rejeski, W. J. (2008) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/48.2.135 · Cited by 47
“Although there has been less systemic study on training the mind to develop focused attention, cross-sectional research suggests that attention can be developed and lead to observable changes in the structure of the brain (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundJust a minute meditation: Rapid voluntary conscious state shifts in long term meditators
Nair, A. K., Sasidharan, A., John, J. P., Mehrotra, S., & Kutty, B. M. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.06.002 · Cited by 46
Nature of Human IntelligencePreprint
Dayathilake, K. L. S. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nv98s · Cited by 47
Supervising Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: Present Knowledge, Pressing Needs, Future Possibilities
Sarnat, J. E. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-011-9201-5 · Cited by 68
“Fourth, a person in a contemplative state of mind is more alert, positive, open, flexible, and compassionate (Ekman 2003; Davidson 2003; Lutz et al. 2004), all excellent qualities in a supervisor.”
BackgroundElliott, J. C., Wallace, B. A., & Giesbrecht, B. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00069 · Cited by 50
“In order to address these questions in the present study, participants that registered for a week-long meditation retreat, which included 3–4 h of shamatha meditation per day, were randomly assigned to a pre- or postretreat group.”
BackgroundTrautwein, F., Naranjo, J. R., & Schmidt, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01785 · Cited by 51
(2011) · doi:10.1002/9781119976974.ch4 · Cited by 45
Lee, Y.-H., Shiah, Y., Chen, S. C.-J., Wang, S.-F., Young, M., & Lin, C. (2014) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2013.0465 · Cited by 43
“19,33,34 Thus, examination of the effects of compassion meditation is suggested for future research.”
Educación positiva: Educando para el éxito académico y para la vida plena
Adler, A., & de Pennsylvania, U. (2017) · Papeles del Psicólogo - Psychologist Papers · doi:10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2821 · Cited by 71
“Por ejemplo, al meditar sobre la bondad y la compasión (Lutz et.”
BackgroundEEG gamma coherence and other correlates of subjective reports during ayahuasca experiences.
Stuckey, D. E., Lawson, R., & Luna, L. E. (2005) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399798 · Cited by 43
Uniting Contemplative Theory and Scientific Investigation: Toward a Comprehensive Model of the Mind
Wright, M., Sanguinetti, J. L., Young, S., & Sacchet, M. D. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02101-y · Cited by 43
“…map neatly onto neu-roscientific understandings of self-related processes in the brain (Dahl et al., 2015), while long-term meditators have been found to self-induce high-amplitude gamma activity that facilitates neural change, consistent with Buddhist notions of mental training (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe Neurobiology of Meditation and Mindfulness
Esch, T. (2013) · Studies in neuroscience, consciousness and spirituality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01634-4_9 · Cited by 48
Thomas, J. W., Jamieson, G. A., & Cohen, M. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00197 · Cited by 43
“The process has been likened to peeling the skins from an onion (Maheshwarananda, 2005).”
BackgroundsLORETA intracortical lagged coherence during breath counting in meditation-naïve participants
Milz, P., Faber, P. L., Lehmann, D., Kochi, K., & Pascual-Marqui, R. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00303 · Cited by 43
“Several studies report that meditation practice has long-term effects on the functioning of neuronal networks (Tebecis, 1975; Newberg et al., 2001; Lutz et al., 2004; Aftanas and Golosheykin, 2005; Lazar et al., 2005; Tei et al., 2009; Saggar et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialShort Meditation Trainings Enhance Non-REM Sleep Low-Frequency Oscillations
Dentico, D., Ferrarelli, F., Riedner, B. A., Smith, R., Zennig, C., Antoine Lutz, A., Tononi, G., & Davidson, R. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148961 · Cited by 51
“Additionally, the increase in gamma activity appears to be rather a marker of duration of training than a marker of a specific practice, given it has been found to characterize experienced meditators in different styles, either focusing more on cognitive (mindfulness meditation [1,3]) or emotional regulatory strategie…”
BackgroundSelf-citationVirtual Reality Customized 360-Degree Experiences for Stress Relief
Vaquero‐Blasco, M. A., Perez‐Valero, E., Morillas, C. A., & López-Gordo, M. A. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21062219 · Cited by 45
“According to previous works, there is a relationship between RG and the stress level felt [17,18,36,37].”
BackgroundElectrocortical activity associated with subjective communication with the deceased
Arnaud Delorme, A., Beischel, J., Michel, L., Boccuzzi, M., Radin, D. I., & Mills, P. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00834 · Cited by 50
“CORRELATION IN THE GAMMA FREQUENCY BAND Findings in the EEG gamma frequency band have been associated with meditative trance states (Lutz et al., 2004; Cahn et al., 2010) and conscious thinking (Rieder et al., 2011).”
BackgroundTools, methods, and applications for optophysiology in neuroscience
Smedemark-Margulies, N., & Trapani, J. G. (2013) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2013.00018 · Cited by 43
“Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have attempted to identify behaviors that are commonly associated with activity in specific frequency bands (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundIntegrating Interpersonal Neurobiology with Group Psychotherapy
Badenoch, B., & Cox, P. (2010) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2010.60.4.462 · Cited by 42
Davis, J. H., & Vago, D. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00870 · Cited by 48
Ben‐Soussan, T. D., Berkovich‐Ohana, A., Glicksohn, J., & Goldstein, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00055 · Cited by 42
“We defined electrode “pairs of interest” (POI), on the basis of prior knowledge concerning movement and meditation (Andres et al., 1999; Lutz et al., 2004, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior, Waisman Center, and Laboratory for Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705; and Shechen Monastery, P.O. Box 136, Kathmandu, Nepal
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- ORCID
- Davidson, Richard J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-11-08
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- 16369-16373
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC526201
- OpenAlex
- W2165337576
- Cited by
- 1,328
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 34.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mind and Life Institute
- Fondation Fyssen
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH061083)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- meditation, long-term meditators, Buddhist meditation, gamma oscillations, phase synchronization, mental practice, frontoparietal cortex, neuroplasticity, temporal integration, EEG
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electroencephalography, Humans, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Meditation
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