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Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice
Open accessAbstract
Practitioners understand “meditation,” or mental training, to be a process of familiarization with one's own mental life leading to long-lasting changes in cognition and emotion. Little is known about this process and its impact on the brain. Here we find that long-term Buddhist practitioners self-induce sustained electroencephalographic high-amplitude gamma-band oscillations and phase-synchrony during meditation. These electroencephalogram patterns differ from those of controls, in particular over lateral frontoparietal electrodes. In addition, the ratio of gamma-band activity (25-42 Hz) to slow oscillatory activity (4-13 Hz) is initially higher in the resting baseline before meditation for the practitioners than the controls over medial frontoparietal electrodes. This difference increases sharply during meditation over most of the scalp electrodes and remains higher than the initial baseline in the postmeditation baseline. These data suggest that mental training involves temporal integrative mechanisms and may induce short-term and long-term neural changes.
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“Lutz et al. [16] found increased gamma over frontolateral and posterior electrodes in non-referential, objectless compassion meditation”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“As such, our study contrasts with other EEG studies finding state effects in the EEG power spectrum in various meditation practices [16–18, 72].”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following the finding by Lutz et al. [16] of a meditation state effect on the higher over lower frequencies ratio”
From Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“It is concluded that meditation may improve detection ability, monitor immediate ventilatory needs and respiratory load, improve mental acuity, promote patients' active participation in daily life activities, and achieve better self-care management of disease for anxious patients with COPD.31–33”
From The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for patients with COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“It may be noted that Tibetan monk meditators have been found to have 80 Hz gamma synchrony, and perhaps more intense experience [143].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [143]
In the citing paper
“Functional connectivity studies of meditation have indicated increased connectivity between anterior and posterior nodes of the DMN at rest123,124 and during meditation125,126 in experienced meditators with 10,000 h of practice but not following 8 weeks of training,127”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [124]
In the citing paper
“Other studies have reported higher baseline (trait) and state-related increases in gamma power in long-term Tibetan Buddhist practitioners,124 Vipassana meditators,146 as well as meditators in other traditions,150 which are indicative of a more highly alert and aware brain state.”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [124]
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“The diversity of practices and physiological correlates reviewed here also suggests that it is important for researchers to understand the fundamentals of therapies they are studying (Lutz et al., 2008).”
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“Equally impressive are data demonstrating neural integration as evidenced by high-amplitude gamma-band oscillation in experienced meditation practitioners, suggestive of beneficial effects of contemplative practice on cognitive and affective functioning.(31) The aspect of contemplative practice that is novel for clini…”
Meditation Increases the Entropy of Brain Oscillatory Activity
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“Additionally, it is interesting that power in the gamma band is noted to support or reflect higher-order cognitive functions (Herrmann et al. 2004; Lutz et al. 2004), including stimulus binding (Frey et al.”
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“There is increasing evidence that cultivating compassion for self and others has powerful effects on a range of mental and physical well-being indicators (e.g., Barnard & Curry, 2011; Lutz et al., 2004; Pace et al., 2008).”
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“According to Lutz et al. (2004), people can diffuse and rid themselves of ill feelings or negativity by augmenting the brain’s gamma waves which can be measured in the lab.”
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“The last is consistent with Lutz et al. [42] who analyzed only the gamma range.”
InfluentialThe role of gamma interbrain synchrony in social coordination when humans face territorial threats
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“This was done using a Morlet wavelet transform method, as in previous EEG studies (Lachaux et al., 1999; Gross et al., 2004; Lutz et al., 2004; Doesburg et al., 2008).”
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“In particular, local synchronization has been associated with functional segregation, whereas long-range synchronization may arise from functional integration and facilitate top-down processes (Lutz et al., 2002, 2004;Nunez, 2000; von Stein and Sarnthein, 2000).”
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“Previous studies have reported increases in gamma-band activity during meditation in experienced practitioners (Lutz et al., 2004; Cahn et al., 2010).”
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“Thus, they may develop the abilities to volitionally manipulate such states on demand and even under experimental settings, such as while being scanned by brain imaging devices (Lutz et al., 2004; Josipovic et al., 2011; Dor-Ziderman et al., 2013).”
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“Last but not least, meditation practices have also been related to greater functional connectivity and/or resting state activity in (pre)frontal regions (Berkovich-Ohana et al., 2012; Faber et al., 2008; Jang et al., 2011; Kilpatrick et al., 2011; Lutz et al., 2004).”
The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation
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“In what may be considered enhanced or optimized levels of consciousness, high frequency (more than 80 Hz) phase coherent gamma synchrony was found spanning cortical regions in meditating Tibetan monks, at the highest amplitude ever recorded (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundConcentrative meditation enhances preattentive processing: a mismatch negativity study
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BackgroundPlasticity changes in the brain in hypnosis and meditation
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“Compassion meditation induces an arousal of consciousness that is indicated by high-frequency (gamma) EEG rhythms in long-term Buddhist meditators (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe Precious Necessity of Compassion
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The Oscillation Score: An Efficient Method for Estimating Oscillation Strength in Neuronal Activity
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“Taken together, these recent, and many other studies (e.g., Engel et al. 1990; Fries et al. 2001; Klimesch et al. 2007; Lutz et al. 2004; Martinovic et al. 2007; Meador et al. 2002; Melloni et al. 2007; Murata et al. 2004; Pesaran et al. 2002; Rodriguez et al. 1999; Samonds and Bonds 2005; Schoffelen et al. 2005; Sing…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAugmentation-related brain plasticity
Pino, G. D., Maravita, A., Zollo, L., Guglielmelli, E., & Lazzaro, V. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00109 · Cited by 83
“High amplitude gamma-band activity has been described during meditation, especially over the lateral fronto-parietal electrodes, and longdistance phase-synchrony, while resting state EEG shows higher gamma/theta+alpha ratio which burst during meditation and persists after it (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHuchzermeyer, C., Berndt, N., Holzhütter, H.-G., & Kann, O. (2013) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.165 · Cited by 81
Monti, D. A., Kash, K. M., Kunkel, E. J. S., Brainard, G., Wintering, N., Moss, A. S., Rao, H., Zhu, S., & Newberg, A. B. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2470 · Cited by 80
Meditation in Medical Practice: A Review of the Evidence and Practice
Fortney, L., & Taylor, M. (2010) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.004 · Cited by 84
Kinds and Dimensions of Mindfulness: Why it is Important to Distinguish Them
Dorjee, D. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0016-3 · Cited by 80
“As documented by Lutz et al. (2004) , advanced Tibetan Buddhist practitioners were able to induce and sustain state of non-referential compassion at will and this practice was associated with high-amplitude gamma frequency oscillations of the brain.”
BackgroundDanucalov, M. A. D., Kozasa, E. H., Ribas, K. T., Galduróz, J. C. F., Garcia, M. C., Verreschi, I. T. N., Oliveira, K. C., Romani de Oliveira, L., & Leite, J. R. (2013) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/513149 · Cited by 80
“2) Compassion meditation: compassion meditation (karuna) emphasizes the voluntary production of compassionate feelings for all living beings based on the assumption that all beings aspire to happiness and seek to release themselves from suffering and its causes [42, 43] (12.”
BackgroundThe contribution of emotional and spiritual intelligences to effective business leadership
Amram, J. Y. (2009) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 79
Spirituality and Addiction: A Research and Clinical Perspective
Galanter, M. S. (2006) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490600754325 · Cited by 81
Integral Education: New Directions for Higher Learning
Esbjörn‐Hargens, S., Reams, J., & Gunnlaugson, O. (2010) · State University of New York Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book1367 · Cited by 78
Physiological and psychological effects of gardening activity in older adults
Hassan, A., Chen, Q., & Jiang, T. (2018) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13327 · Cited by 81
Meditators and Non-Meditators: EEG Source Imaging During Resting
Tei, S., Faber, P. L., Lehmann, D., Tsujiuchi, T., Kumano, H., Pascual-Marqui, R. D., Gianotti, L. R. R., & Kochi, K. (2009) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-009-0107-4 · Cited by 78
“We observed significant results solely in the delta frequency band, whereas past meditation research from early on mainly reported findings in the theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands (i.e., Das and Gastaut 1957; Banquet 1973; Hebert and Lehmann 1977; Lehmann et al. 2001; Lutz et al. 2004; for an overview see…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEEG Derived Neuronal Dynamics during Meditation: Progress and Challenges
Kaur, C., & Singh, P. B. (2015) · Advances in Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/614723 · Cited by 85
“The patients with general epilepsy show increased gamma band activity especially 30–50Hz in resting interictal EEG [52, 53].”
BackgroundA review on research and evaluation methods for investigating self-transcendence
Kitson, A., Chirico, A., Gaggioli, A., & Riecke, B. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547687 · Cited by 76
“EEG found gamma band power over the lateral frontal and parietal sites correlated with self-reported clarity in meditation practitioners, suggesting a particular mechanism for increased phenomenal intensity (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundExplanatory profiles of models of consciousness - towards a systematic classification
Signorelli, C. M., Szczotka, J., & Prentner, R. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab021 · Cited by 91
“In one particular example, experienced meditators were able to wilfully influence neural activity (both short and long term) (Lutz et al. 2004).”
BackgroundA Critical Analysis on Characterizing the Meditation Experience Through the Electroencephalogram
Deolindo, C. S., Ribeiro, M. W., Aratanha, M. A., Afonso, R. F., Irrmischer, M., & Kozasa, E. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2020.00053 · Cited by 89
Huang, H., & Lo, P. M. E. (2009) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1080/03091900802602677 · Cited by 77
“More new findings showed that EEG of well experienced Tibetan Buddhist practitioners exhibited an increase of even higher gamma wave frequency of 35– 44 Hz [10].”
BackgroundTools of the trade: theory and method in mindfulness neuroscience
Tang, Y.-Y., & Posner, M. I. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss112 · Cited by 76
Cardiovascular and nervous system changes during meditation
Steinhubl, S. R., Wineinger, N. E., Patel, S., Boeldt, D. L., Mackellar, G., Porter, V., Redmond, J. T., Muse, E. D., Nicholson, L. J., Chopra, D., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00145 · Cited by 76
“As has been previously documented, we found the practice of meditation to be associated with significant changes in brain activity (Lutz et al., 2004).”
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Meditation and Its Regulatory Role on Sleep
Nagendra, R. P., Maruthai, N., & Kutty, B. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00054 · Cited by 73
“Meditation practices are reported to enhance the amplitude of gamma synchrony, strengthen the thalamocortical and cortico-cortical interactions (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundNg, B. H. P., Tsang, H. W. H., JONES, A. Y. M., So, C. T., & Mok, T. (2011) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0215 · Cited by 75
Nature of human intelligencePreprint
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“Supporting this possibility, multiple studies have shown that states achieved by long-term meditators following certain traditions (e.g. non-dual awareness) (Berkovich-Ohana, 2017; Braboszcz et al., 2017; Lutz et al., 2004;)”
BackgroundBrandmeyer, T., & Arnaud Delorme, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00688 · Cited by 72
“With the general aim of understanding how meditation affects the mind, brain, body and general health, particularly interesting findings in recent research suggest that the mental activity involved in meditation practices may induce brain plasticity (Lutz et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSynchronous with Your Feelings: Sensorimotor γ Band and Empathy for Pain
Betti, V., Zappasodi, F., Rossini, P. M., Aglioti, S. M., & Tecchio, F. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2759-09.2009 · Cited by 72
“Indeed, changes of -band neuronal oscillations clearly appear integral to a number of complex cognitive functions ranging from attention, language, memory and mental practice (Lutz et al., 2004;”
BackgroundStudying the default mode and its mindfulness-induced changes using EEG functional connectivity
Berkovich-Ohana, A., Glicksohn, J., & Goldstein, A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst153 · Cited by 87
“Keywords: default mode network; mindfulness meditation; functional connectivity; mean phase coherence; electroencephalography”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMeditation and the Wandering Mind: A Theoretical Framework of Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms
Brandmeyer, T., & Arnaud Delorme, A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620917340 · Cited by 86
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Singh, A. N. A., Adkins, A. D., & Singh, J. (2010) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160903392731 · Cited by 71
“However, the repeated use of strategies such as these may produce transformational changes at both behavioral and neurophysiological levels (Davidson et al, 2003 ; Frewen, Dozois, & Lanius, 2008 ; Lutz, Greischar, Rawlings, Ricard, & Davidson, 2004 ; Schwartz & Begley, 2002 ; Siegel, 2007 ).”
Żurawicki, L. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77829-5_1 · Cited by 73
Kozhevnikov, M., Elliott, J., Shephard, J., & Gramann, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058244 · Cited by 70
“As for the increased gamma activity observed during FB meditation, studies on meditation consider it a signature of ‘‘samadhi’’ (deep meditative states of consciousness), but the regions of increase have varied, with recent studies reporting in some cases a frontally distributed increase in gamma [28], and in other ca…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior, Waisman Center, and Laboratory for Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705; and Shechen Monastery, P.O. Box 136, Kathmandu, Nepal
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- ORCID
- Davidson, Richard J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-11-08
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- 16369-16373
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC526201
- OpenAlex
- W2165337576
- Cited by
- 1,328
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 34.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mind and Life Institute
- Fondation Fyssen
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH061083)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- meditation, long-term meditators, Buddhist meditation, gamma oscillations, phase synchronization, mental practice, frontoparietal cortex, neuroplasticity, temporal integration, EEG
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electroencephalography, Humans, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Meditation
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