The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans
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African Origins: The modern human originated in Africa and subsequently spread across the globe. However, the genetic relationships among the diverse populations on the African continent have been unclear. Tishkoff et al. (p. 1035; see the cover, published online 30 April) provide a detailed genetic analysis of most major groups of African populations. The findings suggest that Africans represent 14 ancestral populations. Populations tend to be of mixed ancestry which documents historical migrations. The data mainly support but sometimes challenge proposed relationships between groups of self-identified ethnicity previously hypothesized on the basis of linguistic studies. The authors also examined populations of African Americans and individuals of mixed ancestry from Cape Town, documenting the variation and origins of admixture within these groups.
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More recent studies using high-density genotype data provide reliable individual ancestry estimates, illustrate large variability in African and European ancestry proportions at an individual level, and detect low proportions of Native American ancestry.
“More recent studies that utilized high-density genotype data provide reliable individual ancestry estimates, illustrate the large variability in African and European ancestry proportions at an individual level, and are able to detect low proportions of Native American ancestry.3–11”
From The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Sandawe have admixed with neighboring populations of diverse ancestries who migrated into Tanzania within the past 5000 years.
“The Sandawe have admixed with neighboring populations of diverse ancestries who migrated into Tanzania within the past 5000 years [73].”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
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Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure
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“…another population that like theHadza uses click consonants in their spoken language, are modeled as having ancestry similar to the Hadza but also admixture related to that of neighboring populations (Figure 3A; Table S5) consistent with previous findings (Henn et al., 2011; Tishkoff et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGenome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans
Bryc, K., Auton, A., Nelson, M. R., Oksenberg, J. R., Hauser, S. L., Williams, S., Froment, A., Bodo, J.-M., Wambebe, C., Tishkoff, S. A., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909559107 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Self-citationOrigins of modern human ancestry
Bergström, A., Stringer, C. B., Hajdinjak, M., Scerri, E. M. L., & Skoglund, P. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people
Behar, D. M., Yunusbayev, B., Metspalu, M., Metspalu, E., Rosset, S., Parik, J., Rootsi, S., Chaubey, G., Kutuev, I. A., Yudkovsky, G., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09103 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Host–pathogen coevolution in human tuberculosis
Gagneux, S. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0316 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Henn, B. M., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Feldman, M. W. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1212380109 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Seven common mistakes in population genetics and how to avoid them
Meirmans, P. G. (2015) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.13243 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
“Figure 3 illustrates this approach using data from humans from 120 African populations (Tishkoff et al. 2009).”
MethodFast Principal-Component Analysis Reveals Convergent Evolution of ADH1B in Europe and East Asia
Galinsky, K. J., Bhatia, G., Loh, P., Georgiev, S., Mukherjee, S., Patterson, N. J., & Price, A. L. (2016) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.022 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Next generation disparities in human genomics: concerns and remedies
Need, A. C., & Goldstein, D. B. (2009) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.09.012 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Kalinowski, S. T. (2010) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.95 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
High-depth African genomes inform human migration and health
Choudhury, A., Aron, S., Botigué, L. R., Sengupta, D., Botha, G., Bensellak, T., Wells, G., Kumuthini, J., Shriner, D., Fakim, Y. J., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2859-7 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“2, 3), we chose to normalize the putative LOF burden in direct genes by dividing by the number of putative LOF variants in ‘indirect’ genes associated with the same infection.”
InfluentialThe genetic prehistory of southern Africa
Pickrell, J. K., Patterson, N. J., Barbieri, C., Berthold, F., Gerlach, L., Güldemann, T., Kure, B., Mpoloka, S. W., Nakagawa, H., Naumann, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2140 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citationA worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes
Itan, Y., Jones, B. L., Ingram, C. J. E., Swallow, D. M., & Thomas, M. (2010) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Stroke in Africa: profile, progress, prospects and priorities
Akinyemi, R., Ovbiagele, B. I., Adeniji, O. A., Sarfo, F. S., Abd-Allah, F., Adoukonou, T., Ogah, O. S., Naidoo, P., Damasceno, A. A. M., Walker, R. W., et al. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00542-4 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
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Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations
Crawford, N. G., Kelly, D., Hansen, M. E. B., Beltrame, M., Fan, S.-H., Bowman, S. L., Jewett, E., Ranciaro, A., Thompson, S., Lo, Y., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan8433 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationBanda, Y., Kvale, M. N., Hoffmann, T. J., Hesselson, S., Ranatunga, D. K., Tang, H., Sabatti, C., Croen, L., Dispensa, B. P., Henderson, M., et al. (2015) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.115.178616 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
“African and European genetic ancestry (Supplementary Figures S6A, S6B) (Parra et al. 1998; Fernandez et al. 2003; Tang et al. 2006; Tishkoff et al. 2009; Zakharia et al. 2009).”
BackgroundThe Missing Diversity in Human Genetic Studies
Sirugo, G., Williams, S. M., & Tishkoff, S. A. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.032 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
“Africans have maintained larger and more sub-structured populations resulting in diverse patterns of LD across the continent (Tishkoff et al., 2009).”
Self-citationBlome, M. W., Cohen, A. S., Tryon, C. A., Brooks, A. S., & Russell, J. (2012) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.01.011 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Ogle, G. D., James, S., Dabelea, D., Pihoker, C., Svensson, J., Maniam, J., Klatman, E. L., & Patterson, C. C. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109083 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“[14] Tishkoff S, Reed F, Friedlaender F, Ehret C, Ranciaro A, Froment A, et al.”
BackgroundGalanter, J., Fernández-López, J. C., Gignoux, C. R., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Fernández–Rozadilla, C., Vía, M., Hidalgo‐Miranda, A., Contreras, A. V., Uribe-Figueroa, L., Raska, P., et al. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002554 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Admixture into and within sub-Saharan Africa
Busby, G., Band, G., Le, S. Q., Jallow, M., Bougama, E., Mangano, V. D., Amenga-Etego, L. N.-K., Enimil, A. K., Apinjoh, T. O., Ndila, C., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.15266 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Kehdy, F. S. G., Gouveia, M. H., Machado, M., Magalhães, W. C. S., Horimoto, A. R. V. R., Horta, B. L., MOREIRA, R. G., Leal, T. P., Scliar, M. O., Soares‐Souza, G. B., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1504447112 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“Bryc K, et al. (2010) Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans.”
BackgroundInfluentialDispersals and genetic adaptation of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America
Patin, É., Lopez, M., Grollemund, R., Verdu, P., Harmant, C., Quach, H., Laval, G., Perry, G. H., Barreiro, L. B., Froment, A., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal1988 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a new history and geography of human genes informed by ancient DNA
Pickrell, J. K., & Reich, D. (2014) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.007 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Hunter-Gatherer Inter-Band Interaction Rates: Implications for Cumulative Culture
Hill, K. R., Wood, B. M., Baggio, J., Hurtado, A. M., & Boyd, R. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102806 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“Archaeological evidence from Mumba cave attests to hunter-gatherers living in the Lake Eyasi area for at least 60,000 years [24], and genetic studies of the Hadza reveal their high genetic distance from other east African populations, their ancient shared ancestry with other African hunter-gatherers, and evidence of r…”
BackgroundBuilding the sequence map of the human pan-genome
Li, R., Li, Y., Zheng, H., Luo, R., Zhu, H., Li, Q., Qian, W., Ren, Y., Tian, G., Li, J., et al. (2009) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1596 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Bell, C. G., Finer, S., Lindgren, C. M., Wilson, G. A., Rakyan, V. K., Teschendorff, A. E., Akan, P., Stupka, E., Down, T. A., Prokopenko, I., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014040 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa
Soares, P. A., Alshamali, F., Pereira, J. B., Fernandes, V., Silva, N. M., Afonso, C., Costa, M. D., Musilová, E., Macaulay, V. A., Richards, M. B., et al. (2011) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msr245 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Uganda Genome Resource Enables Insights into Population History and Genomic Discovery in Africa
Gurdasani, D., Carstensen, T., Fatumo, S., Chen, G., Franklin, C. S., Prado-Martinez, J., Bouman, H. J., Abascal, F., Haber, M., Tachmazidou, I., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.004 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“The marked genomic diversity and allelic differentiation among populations in Africa, in combination with the substantially lower linkage disequilibrium (correlation) among genetic variants, has the potential to provide new opportunities to understand disease etiology relevant to African populations but also globally…”
BackgroundThose marvellous millennia: the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa
Wadley, L. (2015) · Azania Archaeological Research in Africa · doi:10.1080/0067270x.2015.1039236 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“The undated site of Mwulu’s Cave is thought to contain a late Pietersburg made on quartzite (Tobias 1949; Sampson 1974), as is also the case with Kalkbank and Lion Cavern (Sampson 1974).”
BackgroundHigher Levels of Neanderthal Ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans
Wall, J. D., Yang, M. A., Jay, F., Kim, S. K., Durand, E. Y., Stevison, L. S., Gignoux, C., Woerner, A., Hammer, M. F., & Slatkin, M. (2013) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.148213 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“…with recent findings of African admixture into Middle Eastern and Southern European populations during the same timescale (Moorjani et al. 2011) and a greater genetic similarity between East African and non-African samples than between West African and non-African samples (Tishkoff et al. 2009).”
BackgroundLi, S., Schlebusch, C. M., & Jakobsson, M. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1448 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Association of a functional variant downstream of TNFAIP3 with systemic lupus erythematosus
Adrianto, I., Wen, F., Templeton, A., Wiley, G., King, J. B., Lessard, C. J., Bates, J. S., Hu, Y., Kelly, J. A., Kaufman, K. M., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.766 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews
Moorjani, P., Patterson, N. J., Hirschhorn, J. N., Keinan, A., Hao, L., Atzmon, G., Burns, E. R., D, H. O. M., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
WIT, P. J. G. M. D., Pespeni, M. H., Ladner, J. T., Barshis, D. J., Seneca, F., Jaris, H., Therkildsen, N. O., Morikawa, M. K., & Palumbi, S. R. (2012) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12003 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Atkinson, E. G., Maihofer, A. X., Kanai, M., Martin, A. R., Karczewski, K. J., Santoro, M. L., Ulirsch, J. C., Kamatani, Y., Okada, Y., Finucane, H. K., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-00766-y · Cited by 229 · see citing works
van Dorp, L., Balding, D. J., Myers, S., Pagani, L., Tyler‐Smith, C., Bekele, E., Tarekegn, A., Thomas, M., Bradman, N., & Hellenthal, G. (2015) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005397 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade
Skoglund, P., & Mathieson, I. (2018) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Steroidogenesis: Unanswered Questions
Miller, W. L. (2017) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2017.09.002 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis
Möller, M., & Hoal, E. G. (2010) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa
Campbell, M., & Tishkoff, S. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.050 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Origins of Lactase Persistence and the Spread of Pastoralism in Africa
Ranciaro, A., Campbell, M. C., Hirbo, J. B., Ko, W., Froment, A., Anagnostou, P., Kotze, M. J., Ibrahim, M. E., Nyambo, T., Omar, S. A., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.009 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“In addition, haplotype analysis supported an eastern African origin of the C-14010 LP-associated mutation in southern Africa.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAncestry and Disease in the Age of Genomic Medicine
Rotimi, C. N., & Jorde, L. B. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0911564 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Inferring genetic ancestry: Opportunities, challenges, and implications
Royal, C. D., Novembre, J., Fullerton, S. M., Goldstein, D. B., Long, J. C., Bamshad, M. J., & Clark, A. G. (2010) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.03.011 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
APOL1 Kidney Risk Alleles: Population Genetics and Disease Associations
Limou, S., Nelson, G. W., Kopp, J. B., & Winkler, C. A. (2014) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2014.06.005 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Marchant, R., Richer, S., Boles, O. J. C., Capitani, C., Mustaphi, C. J. C., Lane, P. J., Prendergast, M. E., Stump, D., Cort, G. D., Kaplan, J. O., et al. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.010 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Relationship Between FST and the Frequency of the Most Frequent Allele
Jakobsson, M., Edge, M. D., & Rosenberg, N. A. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.144758 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“For example, using microsatellite loci, Tishkoff et al. (2009) identified a number of genetically distinctive subgroups of African populations despite confirming that FST in Africa has an unexpectedly small value.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPopulation Stratification in Genetic Association Studies
Hellwege, J. N., Keaton, J. M., Giri, A., Gao, X., Edwards, D. R. V., & Edwards, T. L. (2017) · Current Protocols in Human Genetics · doi:10.1002/cphg.48 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“…Africa 150,000 to 190,000 years ago (McDougall, Brown, & Fleagle, 2005; White et al., 2003) and expanded into a diverse array of niches there, providing Africans with the highest level of genetic diversity among current human continental populations (Rosenberg et al., 2002; Tishkoff et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGenome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured Population in the Western Cape
de Wit, E., Delport, W., Chimusa, E. R., Meintjes, A., Möller, M., van Helden, P. D., Seoighe, C., & Hoal, E. G. (2010) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0836-1 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Environmental impact of the 73ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia
Williams, M. A. J., Ambrose, S. H., van der Kaars, S., Rühlemann, C., Chattopadhyaya, U., Pal, J., & Chauhan, P. R. (2009) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.10.009 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Racial differences in human platelet PAR4 reactivity reflect expression of PCTP and miR-376c
Edelstein, L. C., Simon, L. M., Montoya, R. T., Holinstat, M. A., Chen, E. S., Bergeron, A. L., Kong, X., Nagalla, S., Mohandas, N., Cohen, D. E., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3385 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“American blacks are an admixed group 32 and African lineages have greater diversity; these facts are reflected in the greater spread within that PCA-defined group.”
Human genetics and malaria resistance
Kariuki, S. N., & Williams, T. N. (2020) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02142-6 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations and human evolution on the southern coastal plain of South Africa
Compton, J. S. (2011) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.012 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Cryptic Distant Relatives Are Common in Both Isolated and Cosmopolitan Genetic Samples
Henn, B. M., Hon, L., Macpherson, J. M., Eriksson, N., Saxonov, S., Pe’er, I., & Mountain, J. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034267 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa
Prendergast, M. E., Lipson, M., Sawchuk, E., Olalde, Í., Ogola, C. A., Rohland, N., Sirak, K. A., Adamski, N., Bernardos, R. L., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“This is the earliest documentation of western African–related ancestry in eastern Africa, in a region where today such ancestry is widespread and the majority of people speak Bantu languages (46).”
Jing, R., Vershinin, A. V., Grzebyta, J., Shaw, P. D., Smýkal, P., Marshall, D., Ambrose, M. J., Ellis, N., & Flavell, A. J. (2010) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-44 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
An Examination of Polygenic Score Risk Prediction in Individuals With First-Episode Psychosis
Vassos, E., Forti, M. D., Coleman, J. R. I., Iyegbe, C. O., Prata, D. P., Euesden, J., O’Reilly, P. F., Curtis, C. J. C., Kolliakou, A., Patel, H., et al. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.028 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“The PGC2 discovery data included 49 European, 3 Asian, and no African ancestry samples (2), while it is well established that Africans have higher genetic diversity and consequently shorter LD blocks (37), which is particularly relevant because most associated”
BackgroundMethodological challenges of genome-wide association analysis in Africa
Teo, Y., Small, K. S., & Kwiatkowski, D. P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2731 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A genome-wide association study on African-ancestry populations for asthma
Mathias, R. A., Grant, A. V., Rafaels, N. M., Hand, T. A., Gao, L., Vergara, C., Tsai, Y. J., Yang, M., Campbell, M., Foster, C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.031 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
DETECTING RANGE EXPANSIONS FROM GENETIC DATA
Peter, B. M., & Slatkin, M. (2013) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12202 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“This supports the interpretation that the origin of modern humans is somewhere in Southern Africa (Tishkoff et al. 2009; Henn et al. 2011).”
BackgroundAfrican genetic diversity and adaptation inform a precision medicine agenda
Pereira, L., Mutesa, L., Tindana, P. O., & Ramsay, M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00306-8 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Spatial patterns of variation due to natural selection in humans
Novembre, J., & Di Rienzo, A. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2632 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Prevalence of Glaucoma in an Urban West African Population
Budenz, D. L., Barton, K., Vos, J. W.-D., Schiffman, J., Bandi, J., Nolan, W. P., Herndon, L. W., Kim, H., Hay-Smith, G., Tielsch, J. M., et al. (2013) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.1686 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The accelerated aging phenotype: The role of race and social determinants of health on aging
Hooten, N. N., Pacheco, N. L., Smith, J. T., & Evans, M. K. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101536 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“African American individuals also have varying proportions of genetic admixture, composed primarily of African and European ancestry with low levels of Native American ancestry (Bryc et al., 2010a; Tishkoff et al., 2009), and ancestry also varies by geographical region (Baharian et al., 2016).”
The Past and Future of Tuberculosis Research
Comas, I., & Gagneux, S. (2009) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000600 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Hunter-Gatherers and the Origins of Religion
Peoples, H. C., Duda, P., & Marlowe, F. W. (2016) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-016-9260-0 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and Chronology
Harvati, K., Stringer, C., Grün, R., Aubert, M., Allsworth-Jones, P., & Folorunso, C. A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024024 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study of ancestry-specific TB risk in the South African Coloured population
Chimusa, E. R., Zaitlen, N., Daya, M., Möller, M., van Helden, P. D., Mulder, N., Price, A. L., & Hoal, E. G. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt462 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history
Lipson, M., Ribot, I., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Olalde, Í., Adamski, N., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Lawson, A. M., López, S., Oppenheimer, J., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Y-Chromosomal Variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights Into the History of Niger-Congo Groups
de Filippo, C., Barbieri, C., Whitten, M., Mpoloka, S. W., Gunnarsdóttir, E. D., Bostoen, K. A. G., Nyambe, T. S., Beyer, K., Schreiber, H., de Knijff, P., et al. (2010) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msq312 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Quintana‐Murci, L., Harmant, C., Quach, H., Balanovsky, O., Владимирович, З. В., Bormans, C., van Helden, P. D., Hoal, E. G., & Behar, D. M. (2010) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity
Baharian, S., Barakatt, M., Gignoux, C., Shringarpure, S., Errington, J., Blot, W., Bustamante, C., Kenny, E., Williams, S. M., Aldrich, M., et al. (2015) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“(7) This expression does not consider the possibility of multiple coalescent events and is therefore 573 appropriate only for a number of generations that is much less than the population size.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeGiorgio, M., Jakobsson, M., & Rosenberg, N. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903341106 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A comparison of worldwide phonemic and genetic variation in human populations
Creanza, N., Ruhlen, M., Pemberton, T. J., Rosenberg, N. A., Feldman, M. W., & Ramachandran, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1424033112 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: ecology and evolution of a human bacterium
Bañuls, A., Sanou, A., Anh, N. T. V., & Godreuil, S. (2015) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000171 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Indeed, Homo sapiens from Africa is considered to be the ancestor of modern humans and to contain the biggest genetic diversity (Tishkoff et al., 2009).”
Background
- Authors
- Tishkoff, S. A., Reed, F. A., Friedlaender, F. R., Ehret, C., Ranciaro, A., Froment, A., Hirbo, J. B., Awomoyi, A. A., Bodo, J.-M., Doumbo, O., Ibrahim, M., Juma, A. T., Kotze, M. J., Lema, G., Moore, J. H., Mortensen, H., Nyambo, T. B., Omar, S. A., Powell, K., Pretorius, G. S., Smith, M. W., Thera, M. A., Wambebe, C., Weber, J. L., & Williams, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Niche, Nutrition, Cancer et métabolisme oxydatif (FR)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (FR)
- Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation (CM)
- University of Bamako (ML)
- University of Khartoum (SD)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (TZ)
- Departments of Genetics and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- International Biomedical Research in Africa, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tishkoff, Sarah A.
- Reed, Floyd A.
- Friedlaender, Françoise R.
- Ranciaro, Alessia
- Froment, Alain
- Awomoyi, Agnes A.
- Mortensen, Holly
- Powell, Kweli
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-05-22
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 5930
- Pages
- 1035-1044
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC2947357
- OpenAlex
- W2129316818
- Cited by
- 1,573
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 102 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 123
- FWCI
- 75.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01co12400-79-0-22)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL65234, R01HL065234)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (F32HG03801, F32HG003801)
- National Cancer Institute (N01-CO-012400)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM083606, R01GM076637)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Keywords
- African American ancestry, admixture, microsatellite markers, InDel markers, Khoesan, Pygmies, European ancestry, migration history, self-reported ethnicity
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Bayes Theorem, Black or African American, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnicity, Genotype, Geography, Humans, Language, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Cluster Analysis, Microsatellite Repeats, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Principal Component Analysis, Black People, Racial Groups, Gene Flow, INDEL Mutation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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