Ancient DNA analyses exclude humans as the driving force behind late Pleistocene musk ox ( Ovibos moschatus ) population dynamics
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The causes of the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions are poorly understood. Different lines of evidence point to climate change, the arrival of humans, or a combination of these events as the trigger. Although many species went extinct, others, such as caribou and bison, survived to the present. The musk ox has an intermediate story: relatively abundant during the Pleistocene, it is now restricted to Greenland and the Arctic Archipelago. In this study, we use ancient DNA sequences, temporally unbiased summary statistics, and Bayesian analytical techniques to infer musk ox population dynamics throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Our results reveal that musk ox genetic diversity was much higher during the Pleistocene than at present, and has undergone several expansions and contractions over the past 60,000 years. Northeast Siberia was of key importance, as it was the geographic origin of all samples studied and held a large diverse population until local extinction at ≈45,000 radiocarbon years before present ( 14 C YBP). Subsequently, musk ox genetic diversity reincreased at ca. 30,000 14 C YBP, recontracted at ca. 18,000 14 C YBP, and finally recovered in the middle Holocene. The arrival of humans into relevant areas of the musk ox range did not affect their mitochondrial diversity, and both musk ox and humans expanded into Greenland concomitantly. Thus, their population dynamics are better explained by a nonanthropogenic cause (for example, environmental change), a hypothesis supported by historic observations on the sensitivity of the species to both climatic warming and fluctuations.
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The archeological record, supported by genetic data, provides evidence that muskoxen have been through several population bottlenecks and extirpation events best explained by non-anthropogenic causes, e.g., environmental change.
“The archeological record, supported by genetic data (MacPhee et al. 2005), provides evidence that muskoxen have been through several population bottlenecks and extirpation events that are best explained by non-anthropogenic causes, e.g., environmental change (Campos et al. 2010).”
From Muskox status, recent variation, and uncertain future (2020) · cites this paper as Campos et al. 2010
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- Authors
- Campos, P. F., Willerslev, E., Sher, A., Orlando, L., Axelsson, E., Tikhonov, A., Aaris-Sørensen, K., Greenwood, A. D., Kahlke, R.-D., Kosintsev, P., Krakhmalnaya, T., Kuznetsova, T., Lemey, P., MacPhee, R., Norris, C. A., Shepherd, K., Suchard, M. A., Zazula, G. D., Shapiro, B., & Gilbert, M. T. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Zoological Institute (RU)
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Old Dominion University (US)
- Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, Research Station of Quaternary Palaeontology, D-99423 Weimar, Germany;
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (RU)
- National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (UA)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- Yale Peabody Museum (US)
- Canadian Museum of Nature (CA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Yukon Department of Tourism and Culture (CA)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2010-03-08
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5675-5680
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2851807
- OpenAlex
- W2046767641
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 11.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lundbeckfonden (R70-2010-6286, R24-2008-2527)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM086887)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Keywords
- Ovibos moschatus, human impact on extinction, population dynamics, genetic diversity, mitochondrial DNA, climate change, reindeer, bison
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, DNA, Mitochondrial, Fossils, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Population Dynamics, Ruminants, Genetic Variation, History, Ancient, Extinction, Biological
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