Population genomics of the muskox' resilience in the near absence of genetic variation
Open accessAbstract
Genomic studies of species threatened by extinction are providing crucial information about evolutionary mechanisms and genetic consequences of population declines and bottlenecks. However, to understand how species avoid the extinction vortex, insights can be drawn by studying species that thrive despite past declines. Here, we studied the population genomics of the muskox (Ovibos moschatus), an Ice Age relict that was at the brink of extinction for thousands of years at the end of the Pleistocene yet appears to be thriving today. We analysed 108 whole genomes, including present‐day individuals representing the current native range of both muskox subspecies, the white‐faced and the barren‐ground muskox (O. moschatus wardi and O. moschatus moschatus) and a ~21,000‐year‐old ancient individual from Siberia. We found that the muskox' demographic history was profoundly shaped by past climate changes and post‐glacial re‐colonizations. In particular, the white‐faced muskox has the lowest genome‐wide heterozygosity recorded in an ungulate. Yet, there is no evidence of inbreeding depression in native muskox populations. We hypothesize that this can be explained by the effect of long‐term gradual population declines that allowed for purging of strongly deleterious mutations. This study provides insights into how species with a history of population bottlenecks, small population sizes and low genetic diversity survive against all odds.
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The muskox has the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity among the ungulates.
“consistent with recent reports of the muskox having the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity among the ungulates”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Native muskox populations currently show no overt signs of inbreeding depression.
“While muskox populations are currently showing no overt signs of inbreeding depression”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The muskox has the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity reported in an ungulate.
“While the muskox has been shown to have the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity reported in an ungulate31 (Fig. 3), this lack of genetic diversity is not necessarily extended to the MHC region.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Native muskox populations have no overt signs of inbreeding depression.
“This finding, along with the muskox having no overt signs of inbreeding depression in native populations31, is consistent with the view of Teixeira and Huber139 that argues against the perceived importance of neutral genetic diversity over functional genetic diversity for the conservation of wild populations and species.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The muskox's lack of genome-wide genetic diversity is not necessarily extended to the MHC region.
“While the muskox has been shown to have the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity reported in an ungulate31 (Fig. 3), this lack of genetic diversity is not necessarily extended to the MHC region.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The finding of MHC diversity and no overt signs of inbreeding depression in native muskox populations is consistent with the view that neutral genetic diversity is less important than functional genetic diversity for conservation of wild populations and species.
“This finding, along with the muskox having no overt signs of inbreeding depression in native populations31, is consistent with the view of Teixeira and Huber139 that argues against the perceived importance of neutral genetic diversity over functional genetic diversity for the conservation of wild populations and species.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
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Self-citationEvaluation of model fit of inferred admixture proportions
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An ecosystem-wide reproductive failure with more snow in the Arctic
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Muskox status, recent variation, and uncertain future
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Self-citationNarwhal Genome Reveals Long-Term Low Genetic Diversity despite Current Large Abundance Size
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Self-citationDeglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum
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Self-citationInterpreting NUMTs in forensic genetics: Seeing the forest for the trees
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Genome-Based Sexing Provides Clues about Behavior and Social Structure in the Woolly Mammoth
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Self-citationPre-extinction Demographic Stability and Genomic Signatures of Adaptation in the Woolly Rhinoceros
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Self-citationMuskoxen Modify Plant Abundance, Phenology, and Nitrogen Dynamics in a High Arctic Fen
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GenErode: a bioinformatics pipeline to investigate genome erosion in endangered and extinct species
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Long-term patterns of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) demographics in high arctic Greenland
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Self-citationGenomic and fitness consequences of inbreeding in an endangered carnivore
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Self-citationNursyifa, C., Brüniche–Olsen, A., Garcia‐Erill, G., Heller, R., & Albrechtsen, A. (2021) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13491 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Muskox Lost a Substantial Part of Its Genetic Diversity on Its Long Road to Greenland
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Environment and physiology shape Arctic ungulate population dynamics
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Self-citationGenomic Underpinnings of Population Persistence in Isle Royale Moose
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Population dynamics of caribou shaped by glacial cycles before the last glacial maximum
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Archaeology of the Musk-ox way
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Rapid population increase in an introduced muskox population, West Greenland
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Intraspecific variation in mitochondrial DNA of muskoxen, based on control-region sequences
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Demographic reconstruction from ancient DNA supports rapid extinction of the great auk
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Self-citationSpatiotemporal influences of climate and humans on muskox range dynamics over multiple millennia
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Estimates of genetic load in small populations suggest extensive purging of deleterious allelesPreprint
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Exploring evolutionary relationships across the genome using topology weightingPreprint
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Lok, S., Lau, T. N. H., Trost, B., Tong, A. H. Y., Paton, T., Wintle, R. F., Engstrom, M. D., Gunn, A., & Scherer, S. W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67270-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Interest-ingly, despite the muskox having the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity reported in an ungulate, there are no overt signs of inbreeding depression in native muskox populations 31 .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
- Authors
- Pečnerová, P., Lord, E., Garcia‐Erill, G., Hanghøj, K., Rasmussen, M. S., Meisner, J., Liu, X., van der Valk, T., Santander, C. G., Quinn, L., Lin, L., Liu, S., Carøe, C., Dalerum, F., Götherström, A., Måsviken, J., Vartanyan, S., Raundrup, K., Al‐Chaer, A., Rasmussen, L., Hvilsom, C., Heide‐Jørgensen, M. P., Sinding, M. S., Aastrup, P., Van Coeverden de Groot, P. J., Schmidt, N. M., Albrechtsen, A., Dalén, L., Heller, R., Moltke, I., & Siegismund, H. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Centre for Palaeogenetics Stockholm Sweden
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Grønlands Naturinstitut (GL)
- Copenhagen Zoo (DK)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
- Corresponding author
- Pečnerová, Patrícia
- ORCID
- Pečnerová, Patrícia
- Lord, Edana
- Garcia‐Erill, Genís
- Hanghøj, Kristian
- Rasmussen, Malthe Sebro
- Meisner, Jonas
- Liu, Xiaodong
- van der Valk, Tom
- Santander, Cindy G.
- Quinn, Liam
- Lin, Long
- Liu, Shanlin
- Carøe, Christian
- Dalerum, Fredrik
- Götherström, Anders
- Måsviken, Johannes
- Vartanyan, Sergey
- Raundrup, Katrine
- Rasmussen, Linett
- Hvilsom, Christina
- Heide‐Jørgensen, Mads Peter
- Sinding, Mikkel‐Holger S.
- Aastrup, Peter
- Schmidt, Niels Martin
- Albrechtsen, Anders
- Dalén, Love
- Heller, Rasmus
- Moltke, Ida
- Siegismund, Hans Redlef
- Venue
- Molecular Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-11-16
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e17205-e17205
- ISSN
- 0962-1083 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-294X
- OpenAlex
- W4388733763
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Carlsbergfondet (CF20‐0539)
- Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond (8021‐00344B)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- Ovibos moschatus, population genomics, genetic diversity, heterozygosity, inbreeding depression, purging of deleterious mutations, population bottleneck, postglacial recolonization, Pleistocene climate change, ancient DNA, demographic history
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Ruminants, Genetic Variation, Genomics, Resilience, Psychological, Metagenomics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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