Cited by 194Genetic diversity and population structureEvolution and Paleontology StudiesGenomics and Phylogenetic Studies

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Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear

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Lindqvist, Charlotte, Schuster, Stephan C., Sun, Yazhou, Talbot, Sandra L., Qi, Ji, Ratan, Aakrosh, Tomsho, Lynn P., Kasson, Lindsay, Zeyl, Eve, Aars, Jon, Miller, Webb, Ingólfsson, Ólafur, Bachmann, Lutz, Wiig, Øystein·2010·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.0914266107PMC PMC2841953

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Abstract

The polar bear has become the flagship species in the climate-change discussion. However, little is known about how past climate impacted its evolution and persistence, given an extremely poor fossil record. Although it is undisputed from analyses of mitochondrial (mt) DNA that polar bears constitute a lineage within the genetic diversity of brown bears, timing estimates of their divergence have differed considerably. Using next-generation sequencing technology, we have generated a complete, high-quality mt genome from a stratigraphically validated 130,000- to 110,000-year-old polar bear jawbone. In addition, six mt genomes were generated of extant polar bears from Alaska and brown bears from the Admiralty and Baranof islands of the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska and Kodiak Island. We show that the phylogenetic position of the ancient polar bear lies almost directly at the branching point between polar bears and brown bears, elucidating a unique morphologically and molecularly documented fossil link between living mammal species. Molecular dating and stable isotope analyses also show that by very early in their evolutionary history, polar bears were already inhabitants of the Artic sea ice and had adapted very rapidly to their current and unique ecology at the top of the Arctic marine food chain. As such, polar bears provide an excellent example of evolutionary opportunism within a widespread mammalian lineage.

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Authors: Lindqvist, C., Schuster, S. C., Sun, Y., Talbot, S. L., Qi, J., Ratan, A., Tomsho, L. P., Kasson, L., Zeyl, E., Aars, J., Miller, W., Ingólfsson, Ó., Bachmann, L., & Wiig, Ø.
Affiliations: University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
United States Geological Survey (US)
National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway;
Norwegian Polar Institute (NO)
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; and
University of Oslo (NO)
ORCID: Lindqvist, Charlotte
Schuster, Stephan C.
Sun, Yazhou
Talbot, Sandra L.
Qi, Ji
Ratan, Aakrosh
Aars, Jon
Bachmann, Lutz
Wiig, Øystein
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2010-03
Volume: 107
Issue: 11
Pages: 5053-5057
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914266107
PMC: PMC2841953
OpenAlex: W2096648902
Cited by: 193
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 10.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2010-03-15)
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Keywords: polar bear, brown bear, mitochondrial genome, divergence time estimation, phylogenetic position, stable isotope analysis, Kodiak Island, Alaska
MeSH terms: Animals, Base Sequence, Ursidae, Biological Evolution, Jaw, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Time Factors, Genetic Variation, Genome, Mitochondrial

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Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear

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