CTCF/cohesin-mediated DNA looping is required for protocadherin α promoter choice
Open accessAbstract
The closely linked human protocadherin ( Pcdh ) α, β, and γ gene clusters encode 53 distinct protein isoforms, which are expressed in a combinatorial manner to generate enormous diversity on the surface of individual neurons. This diversity is a consequence of stochastic promoter choice and alternative pre-mRNA processing. Here, we show that Pcdhα promoter choice is achieved by DNA looping between two downstream transcriptional enhancers and individual promoters driving the expression of alternate Pcdhα isoforms. In addition, we show that this DNA looping requires specific binding of the CTCF/cohesin complex to two symmetrically aligned binding sites in both the transcriptionally active promoters and in one of the enhancers. These findings have important implications regarding enhancer/promoter interactions in the generation of complex Pcdh cell surface codes for the establishment of neuronal identity and self-avoidance in individual neurons.
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In the classic scenario, the boundary is presented by CTCF binding to its sequence motifs located in a divergent orientation at either end of the loop.
“In the classic scenario, this boundary is presented by CTCF binding to its sequence motifs located in a divergent orientation at either end of the loop [277, 438–440]”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [438]
In the mammalian protocadherin α (Pcdhα) gene cluster, each promoter contains a CTCF binding site capable of looping with a convergent CTCF binding site on the enhancer.
“In the mammalian protocadherin α (Pcdhα) gene cluster, each promoter contains a CTCF binding site capable of looping with a convergent CTCF binding site on the enhancer.”
From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [140]
Selective demethylation of the CTCF binding site on a particular Pcdhα promoter allows that promoter to establish contact with the enhancer, resulting in activation of the expression of that particular Pcdhα gene.
“Selective demethylation of the CTCF binding site on a particular promoter allows that promoter to establish contact with the enhancer, resulting in activation of the expression of that particular Pcdhα gene [140,141].”
From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [140]
The CTCF sites on the Pcdhα promoters are methylated, preventing CTCF binding and looping.
“However, the CTCF sites on the promoters are methylated, preventing CTCF binding and looping.”
From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [140]
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- Authors
- Guo, Y., Monahan, K., Wu, H., Gertz, J., Varley, K. E., Li, W., Myers, R. M., Maniatis, T., & Wu, Q.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Columbia University (US)
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-11-30
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 51
- Pages
- 21081-21086
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3529044
- OpenAlex
- W2013934108
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 23
- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS043915)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- DNA looping, CTCF, cohesin, enhancer-promoter interactions, alternative splicing, isoform diversity, neuronal identity, self-avoidance, enhancers
- MeSH terms
- CCCTC-Binding Factor, Cohesins, Cell Line, Chromatin, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, DNA, DNA-Binding Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Genetic, Neurons, Nuclear Proteins, Phosphoproteins, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Repressor Proteins, Stochastic Processes, Transcription, Genetic, Cadherins, Cell Cycle Proteins, CpG Islands, Protein Isoforms, Epigenesis, Genetic
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