Understanding sex bias in autism spectrum disorder
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For ASD, evidence from genetics and functional genomics points to protective factors in females that involve brain function and structure.
“For example, in ASD, genetic and functional genomic evidence suggests the presence of female protective factors based in brain function and structure (Robinson et al., 2013; Werling and Geschwind, 2013; Werling et al., 2016)”
From Defining the genetic, genomic, cellular, and diagnostic architectures of psychiatric disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Werling and Geschwind, 2013
The higher estimated prevalence among boys might result from sex-specific differences in ASD risk or differences in identification of girls with ASD arising from less well-recognized symptom profiles, or both.
“The higher estimated prevalence among boys might result from sex-specific differences in ASD risk (27,28) or differences in identification of girls with ASD arising from less well-recognized symptom profiles (29), or both.”
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“For example, in ASD, genetic and functional genomic evidence suggests the presence of female protective factors based in brain function and structure (Robinson et al., 2013; Werling and Geschwind, 2013; Werling et al., 2016), whereas in MDD or ALC, social factors likely may have a larger role (Riecher-Rössler, 2017).”
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- Authors
- Werling, D. M., & Geschwind, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-03-08
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 4868-4869
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3612630
- OpenAlex
- W2027568179
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, sex bias, autism prevalence, sex ratio
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Quantitative Trait, Heritable
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