Adaptive contextualization: a new role for the default mode network in affective learning
Open accessAbstract
Safety learning describes the ability to learn that certain cues predict the absence of a dangerous or threatening event. Although incidental observations of activity within the default mode network (DMN) during the processing of safety cues have been reported previously, there is as yet no evidence demonstrating that the DMN plays a functional rather than a corollary role in safety learning. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, we investigated the neural correlates of danger and safety learning. Our results provide evidence for a functional role of the DMN by showing that (i) the DMN is activated by safety but not danger cues, (ii) the DMN is anti-correlated with a fear-processing network, and (iii) DMN activation increases with safety learning. Based on our results, we formulate a novel proposal, arguing that activity within the DMN supports the contextualization of safety memories, constrains the generalization of fear, and supports adaptive fear learning. Our findings have important implications for our understanding of affective and stress disorders, which are characterized by aberrant DMN activity, as they suggest that therapies targeting the DMN through mindfulness practice or brain stimulation might help prevent pathological over-generalization of fear associations. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1082-1091, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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There is still a consensus that the amygdala, hippocampus, vmPFC, and ACC are central to fear learning and, especially, fear extinction.
“there is still a consensus that the Am, Hip, vmPFC, and ACC are central to fear learning [review in Ref. (193, 194)] and, especially, fear extinction [reviews in Ref. (187, 188, 195)].”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [188]
The Introduction describes the vmPFC’s role in extinction and its inhibition of amygdala fear responses. The Results report vmPFC, hippocampal, and subgenual ACC activity during safety cues in extinction, while dorsal ACC activity was associated with danger cues. This empirical study supports roles for the named regions, but does not establish a consensus or serve as the review the citing sentence calls it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe fear extinction function proposed by the NM-AND model to occur during sleep is similar in some respects to the affective contextualization function proposed for the default mode network, which partially overlaps (vmPFC, ACC) the NM-AND network and which may also be active during dreaming.
“The fear extinction function proposed by the NM-AND model to occur during sleep is similar in some respects to the affective contextualization function proposed for the default mode network (188), which partially overlaps (vmPFC, ACC) the NM-AND network and which, intriguingly, may also be active during dreaming (189–192).”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [188]
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The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares
Nielsen, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00201 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The fear extinction function proposed by the NM-AND model to occur during sleep is similar in some respects to the affective contextualization function proposed for the default mode network (188), which partially overlaps (vmPFC, ACC) the NM-AND network and which, intriguingly, may also be active during dreaming (189–…”
ResultRaber, J., Arzy, S., Bertolus, J. B., Depue, B., Haas, H. E., Hofmann, S. G., Kangas, M., Kensinger, E., Lowry, C. A., Marusak, H. A., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“One recent fMRI study suggests that that the DMN, and particularly the VMPFC, is activated by cues signaling safety, but not those signaling danger (Marstaller et al., 2017).”
- Authors
- Marstaller, L., Burianová, H., & Reutens, D. C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Marstaller, Lars
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-10-21
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1082-1091
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6867087
- OpenAlex
- W2537942565
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (SR120300015)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- default mode network, safety learning, fear extinction, fear conditioning, fear generalization, affective learning, stress disorders, mindfulness, brain stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Generalization, Psychological, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Reaction Time, Reinforcement, Psychology, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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