Sufficient oxygen for animal respiration 1,400 million years ago
Open accessAbstract
Significance: How have environmental constraints influenced the timing of animal evolution? It is often argued that oxygen first increased to sufficient levels for animal respiration during the Neoproterozoic Eon, 1,000 million to 542 million years ago, thus explaining the timing of animal evolution. We report geochemical evidence for deep-water oxygenation below an ancient oxygen minimum zone 1,400 million years ago. Oceanographic modeling constrains atmospheric oxygen to a minimum of ∼4% of today’s values, sufficient oxygen to have fueled early-evolved animal clades. Therefore, we suggest that there was sufficient atmospheric oxygen for animals long before the evolution of animals themselves, and that rising levels of Neoproterozoic oxygen did not contribute to the relatively late appearance of animal life on Earth.
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- Authors
- Zhang, S., Wang, X., Wang, H., Bjerrum, C. J., Hammarlund, E. U., Costa, M. M., Connelly, J. N., Zhang, B., Su, J., & Canfield, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (CN)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Shuichang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-01-04
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1731-1736
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4763753
- OpenAlex
- W2265295360
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 28.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- EC | European Research Council (267233)
- Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF53)
- Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education | Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (12-125692)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41530317)
- China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC 2011A-200, CNPC 2014A-200)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- Mesoproterozoic, atmospheric oxygen, animal respiration, oxygen minimum zone, redox-sensitive trace metals, green sulfur bacteria, Xiamaling Formation, early animal evolution, paleo-oxygenation, bottom water oxygenation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Atmosphere, Biological Evolution, Oxygen, Respiration, Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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