Large 14 C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene
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Significance: Carbon-14 contents in tree rings tell us information of the past cosmic ray intensities because cosmic rays produce 14 C in the atmosphere. We found a signature of a quite large increase of incoming cosmic ray intensity in the mid-Holocene (the 5480 BC event) from the measurement of 14 C content in North American tree rings. The cause of this event is supposed to be an extremely weak sun, or a combination of successive strong solar bursts and variation of a solar magnetic activity. In any case, 14 C variation of the 5480 BC event is extraordinary in the Holocene, and this event indicates the abnormal solar activity compared with other periods.
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Many AMS 14C measurement series do not exhibit an unexpected older offset versus comparable samples measured by LLGPC.
“many AMS 14C measurement series do not exhibit such an unexpected older offset versus comparable samples measured by LLGPC (4, 40–42)”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
The Method and Result section (page unavailable) reports that three AMS measurement series agree with one another and that their combined data are almost consistent with IntCal13 and its original data. It does not identify those comparison samples as measured by LLGPC or establish the broader claim about many AMS series lacking an older offset relative to LLGPC. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWe would have anticipated that the AA data on BCP and IrO should be similar to the IntCal datasets and the Hd GeO data, given the good agreement in other recent work between GeO and BCP and between GeO and IrO.
“We would therefore have anticipated that the AA data on BCP and IrO (13) should be similar to the IntCal datasets (1–4) and the Hd GeO data (38), given the good agreement in other recent work between GeO and BCP (40–42) and between GeO and IrO (1–4).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
The Method and Result section (page unavailable) says the study’s bristlecone-pine measurements were almost consistent with IntCal13 and its original data. But it does not establish agreement specifically between German oak (GeO) and bristlecone pine (BCP); the Figure 1 caption (page unavailable) cautions that the original IntCal datasets were not consistent with each other. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Miyake F. (2013) Reconstruction of cosmic-ray intensity in the past from measurements of radiocarbon in tree rings. Doctoral thesis, Nagoya University.
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“…on additional single tree rings from these time periods (e.g. Jull et al. 2014; Büntgen et al. 2018; Kudsk et al. 2019 in this issue) and led to the search for additional unusual events that can be detected in annual or biannual measurements (e.g. Miyake et al. 2017a, 2017b; Jull et al. 2018).”
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Solar system exposure to supernova γ radiation
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Identifying the 993–994 CE Miyake Event in the Oldest Dated Living Tree in Europe
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ticktack: A Python package for carbon box modelling
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Tylmann, W., Pędziszewska, A., Żarczyński, M. J., Latałowa, M., & Bernd Zolitschka, A. (2024) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108854 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Trainable Filters for the Identification of Anomalies in Cosmogenic Isotope Data
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Longevity Estimates of Canary Palms and Dragon Trees via Radiocarbon Dating: Initial Results
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Neocleous, A. C., Azzopardi, G., & Dee, M. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.251 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Late Quaternary supernovae in Earth history
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THE MIYAKE EVENT IN 993 CE RECORDED IN OAK SUB-ANNUAL TREE RINGS FROM KUJAWY (POLAND)
Rakowski, A. Z., Krąpiec, M., Huels, M., Pawlyta, J., & Wiktorowski, D. (2022) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2022.54 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Pavlov, A. K., Blinov, A. V., Frolov, D. A., Konstantinov, A. N., Kudryavtsev, I. V., Ogurtsov, M. G., Ostryakov, V. M., & Vasilyev, G. I. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1400/2/022034 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Brakenridge, G. R. (2019) · doi:10.31223/osf.io/csgbv · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Causes of temporal 14C variations
Burr, G. S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99931-1.00015-5
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Shoji, I., Takata, T., & Mizumoto, Y. (2025) · Astronomy and Computing · doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2025.100971
Early 14 C increase in high-latitude trees at 665–664 BC
Park, J., Uusitalo, J., Hong, W., Park, G., Sung, K., Hackman, T., Helama, S., Mäkinen, H. H., Nöjd, P., & Oinonen, M. (2026) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2026.10195
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Rakowski, A. Z., Pawlyta, J., Miyahara, H., Krąpiec, M., Molnár, M., Wiktorowski, D., Minami, M., & Huels, M. (2026) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2026.10202
Cazás, N., Castro-Parada, A., Cartelle, V., Lorenzo, M. S., & Sobrino, C. M. (2026) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.114041
Radiocarbon dating with cosmic radiation events: problems and unexplored possibilities
Philippsen, B., Svarva, H. L., & Seiler, M. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2025.0263
Radiocarbon production and cosmic radiation events: current state of the evidence
Dee, M., Kuitems, M., Owens, M. J., & Pope, B. J. S. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2025.0262
- Authors
- Miyake, F., Jull, A. J. T., Panyushkina, I. P., Wacker, L., Salzer, M., Baisan, C. H., Lange, T., Cruz, R., Masuda, K., & Nakamura, T.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University (JP)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-01-18
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 881-884
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5293056
- OpenAlex
- W2577659028
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 4.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26887019, G2602)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- cosmic ray intensity, solar activity, solar magnetic activity, solar bursts, tree rings, Holocene, paleoclimate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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