Solar geoengineering may lead to excessive cooling and high strategic uncertainty
Open accessAbstract
117, 1049-1068 (2015)]. This study is an empirical test of this hypothesis. We carry out an economic laboratory experiment based on a public "good or bad" game. We find compelling evidence of free-driving: global geoengineering exceeds the socially efficient level and leads to welfare losses. We also evaluate the possibility of counteracting the geoengineering efforts of others. Results show that countergeoengineering generates high payoff inequality as well as heavy welfare losses, resulting from both strategic and behavioral factors. Finally, we compare strategic behavior in bilateral and multilateral settings. We find that welfare deteriorates even more under multilateralism when countergeoengineering is a possibility. These results have general implications for governing global good or bad commons.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Initial game theoretic research indicates the possibility of overcooling if SAI is pursued by uncoordinated actors.
“Initial game theoretic research indicates the possibility of overcooling if SAI is pursued by uncoordinated actors (Abatayo et al., 2020).”
From A Fate Worse Than Warming? Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and Global Catastrophic Risk (2021) · cites this paper as Abatayo et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments
Fischbacher, U. (2007) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-006-9159-4 · Cited by 9,524 · see citing works
Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene
Steffen, W., Rockström, J., Richardson, K., Lenton, T. M., Folke, C., Liverman, D., Summerhayes, C. P., Barnosky, A. D., Cornell, S. E., Crucifix, M., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1810141115 · Cited by 3,139 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recent literature has highlighted negative economic impacts resulting from climate change (9) and the fast-approaching tipping point to be higher than previously expected (10).”
Background2. Public Goods: A Survey of Experimental Research
Ledyard, J. O. (1995) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691213255-004 · Cited by 3,027 · see citing works
Subject pool recruitment procedures: organizing experiments with ORSEE
Greiner, B. (2015) · Journal of the Economic Science Association · doi:10.1007/s40881-015-0004-4 · Cited by 2,195 · see citing works
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D. W., & Medina-Elizade, M. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0606291103 · Cited by 2,134 · see citing works
Engel, C. (2011) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-011-9283-7 · Cited by 1,823 · see citing works
Global Evidence on Economic Preferences*
Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T., Enke, B., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2018) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjy013 · Cited by 1,724 · see citing works
Self-Enforcing International Environmental Agreements
Barrett, S. A. (1994) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/46.supplement_1.878 · Cited by 1,718 · see citing works
Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects
Fuss, S., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., Beringer, T., de Oliveira Garcia, W., Hartmann, J., Khanna, T., et al. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f · Cited by 1,525 · see citing works
Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free-riding in International Climate Policy
Nordhaus, W. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.15000001 · Cited by 1,362 · see citing works
Social and economic impacts of climate
Carleton, T. A., & Hsiang, S. M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad9837 · Cited by 1,348 · see citing works
Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 °C
Rogelj, J., Popp, A., Calvin, K. V., Luderer, G., Emmerling, J., Gernaat, D., Fujimori, S., Strefler, J., Hasegawa, T., Marangoni, G., et al. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies for the international protection of the environment
Carraro, C., & Siniscalco, D. (1993) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/0047-2727(93)90037-t · Cited by 1,212 · see citing works
James Andreoni, A. (1995) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118508 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Negative emissions—Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis
Minx, J. C., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Fuss, S., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., Beringer, T., de Oliveira Garcia, W., Hartmann, J., et al. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9b · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Inequality, communication, and the avoidance of disastrous climate change in a public goods game
Tavoni, A., Dannenberg, A., Kallis, G., & Löschel, A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102493108 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)
Kravitz, B., Robock, A. D., Boucher, O., Schmidt, H., Taylor, K. E., Stenchikov, G. L., & Schulz, M. (2011) · Atmospheric Science Letters · doi:10.1002/asl.316 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering
Robock, A. D., Marquardt, A. B., Kravitz, B., & Stenchikov, G. L. (2009) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl039209 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
The Incredible Economics of Geoengineering
Barrett, S. A. (2007) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-007-9174-8 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Groups Make Better Self-Interested Decisions
Charness, G. B., & Sutter, M. (2012) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.26.3.157 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Negative emissions—Part 3: Innovation and upscaling
Nemet, G. F., Callaghan, M. W., Creutzig, F., Fuss, S., Hartmann, J., Hilaire, J., Lamb, W. F., Minx, J. C., Rogers, S., & Smith, P. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabff4 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Climate negotiations under scientific uncertainty
Barrett, S., & Dannenberg, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208417109 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Transient climate–carbon simulations of planetary geoengineering
Matthews, H. D., & Caldeira, K. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0700419104 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
The impact of geoengineering aerosols on stratospheric temperature and ozone
Heckendorn, P., Weisenstein, D., Fueglistaler, S., Luo, B. P., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Thomason, L. W., & Peter, T. (2009) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045108 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Group polarization in the team dictator game reconsidered
Luhan, W. J., Kocher, M. G., & Sutter, M. (2007) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-007-9188-7 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5°C Paris target
MacMartin, D. G., Ricke, K., & Keith, D. W. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0454 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Weitzman, M. L. (2015) · The Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.12120 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Estimating global agricultural effects of geoengineering using volcanic eruptions
Proctor, J., Hsiang, S., Burney, J., Burke, M., & Schlenker, W. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0417-3 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Opportunities for advances in climate change economics
Burke, M., Craxton, M., Kolstad, C. D., Onda, C., Allcott, H., Baker, E. D., Barrage, L., Carson, R. T., Gillingham, K. T., Graff-Zivin, J., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad9634 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The economic diplomacy of geoengineering
Schelling, T. C. (1996) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/bf00142578 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Geoengineering as an optimization problem
Ban‐Weiss, G., & Caldeira, K. (2010) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034009 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The cost of stratospheric climate engineering revisited
Moriyama, R., Sugiyama, M., Kurosawa, A., Masuda, K., Tsuzuki, K., & Ishimoto, Y. (2016) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-016-9723-y · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Millard‐Ball, A. (2011) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0102-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Parker, A., Horton, J. B., & Keith, D. W. (2018) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2018ef000864 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Towards a comprehensive climate impacts assessment of solar geoengineering
Irvine, P. J., Kravitz, B., Lawrence, M. G., Gerten, D., Caminade, C., Gosling, S. N., Hendy, E. J., Kassie, B. T., Kissling, W. D., Muri, H., et al. (2017) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1002/2016ef000389 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Strategic implications of counter-geoengineering: Clash or cooperation?
Heyen, D., Horton, J. B., & Moreno‐Cruz, J. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2019.03.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Are dictators averse to inequality?
Korenok, O., Millner, E. L., & Razzolini, L. (2012) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.03.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Can regional climate engineering save the summer Arctic sea ice?
Tilmes, S., Jahn, A., Kay, J. E., Holland, M. M., & Lamarque, J. (2014) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2013gl058731 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Governing the termination problem in solar radiation management
Rabitz, F. (2019) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1519879 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tipping Versus Cooperating to Supply a Public Good
Barrett, S. A., & Dannenberg, A. (2017) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvw022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Carbon is forever: A climate change experiment on cooperation
Calzolari, G., Casari, M., & Ghidoni, R. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.09.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationEmmerling, J., & Tavoni, M. (2018) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.10.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationGeoengineering debate shifts to UN environment assembly
Tollefson, J. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00717-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We acknowledge audiences at the Climate Workshop at Copenhagen University; the Center for Environmental EconomicsMontpellier Workshop at the University of Montpellier; and the seminar participants at Bocconi University, Bologna University, Carleton University, Chapman University, the Economic Science Association Meeting in San Diego, European University Institute, Guelph University, Ohio State University, University of Hamburg, University of Trento, University of British Columbia, and Toulouse School of Economics for their helpful comments. V.B. was supported by European Commission Grant ERC-2013-StG. A.L.A. and V.B. were supported by European Commission Grant 336703-RISICO. The funders have no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Fate Worse Than Warming? Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and Global Catastrophic Risk
Tang, A., & Kemp, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2021.720312 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Initial game theoretic research indicates the possibility of overcooling if SAI is pursued by uncoordinated actors (Abatayo et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUpdated assessment of occupational safety and health hazards of climate change
Schulte, P. A., Jacklitsch, B. L., Bhattacharya, A., Chun, H., Edwards, N. T., Elliott, K. C., Flynn, M. A., Guerin, R. J., Hodson, L., Lincoln, J. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2023.2205468 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cherry, T. L., Kroll, S., McEvoy, D. M., Campoverde, D., & Moreno‐Cruz, J. (2022) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2022.2066285 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Beyond Climate Isolationism: a Necessary Shift for Climate Justice
Stephens, J. C. (2022) · Current Climate Change Reports · doi:10.1007/s40641-022-00186-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Attention, sentiments and emotions towards emerging climate technologies on Twitter
Müller-Hansen, F., Repke, T., Baum, C. M., Brutschin, E., Callaghan, M., Debnath, R., Lamb, W. F., Low, S., Lück, S., Roberts, C., et al. (2023) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102765 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Young, D. N. (2023) · European Journal of International Security · doi:10.1017/eis.2023.4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The risks of solar geoengineering research
Stephens, J. C., Kashwan, P., McLaren, D. P., & Surprise, K. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj3679 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Role of Uncertainty in Controlling Climate Change
Cai, Y. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.573 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Constructing efficient portfolios of low-carbon technologies
Kim, Y., Cho, S., & Sharma, B. P. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111515 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Conspiracy spillovers and geoengineering
Debnath, R., Reiner, D. M., Sovacool, B. K., Müller-Hansen, F., Repke, T., Alvarez, R. M., & Fitzgerald, S. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106166 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Learning to Manage the Multirisk World
Wiener, J. B. (2020) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13629 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Identifying the regional emergence of climate patterns in the ARISE-SAI-1.5 simulations
Labe, Z. M., Barnes, E. A., & Hurrell, J. W. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acc81a · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mamalakis, A., Barnes, E. A., & Hurrell, J. W. (2023) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2023gl106137 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Environmental Peacebuilding and Solar Geoengineering
Buck, H. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.869774 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Malm, A. (2023) · Historical Materialism · doi:10.1163/1569206x-20232430 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dove, Z., Hernandez, A. J., Talati, S., & Jinnah, S. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103779 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Avoiding atmospheric anarchy: Geoengineering as a source of interstate tension
Morrissey, W. (2024) · Environment and Security · doi:10.1177/27538796231221597 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Corry, O. (2024) · Global Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksae062 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The light of life: The effects of sunlight on suicide
Tanaka, S., & Matsubayashi, T. (2024) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2024.102947 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
International Climate Agreements under the Threat of Solar Geoengineering
McEvoy, D. M., McGinty, M., Cherry, T. L., & Kroll, S. (2023) · Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists · doi:10.1086/728140 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Governing Climate Geoengineering: Side Payments Are Not Enough
Ghidoni, R., Abatayo, A. L., Bosetti, V., Casari, M., & Tavoni, M. (2023) · Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists · doi:10.1086/724286 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationSolar geoengineering governance: a dynamic framework of farsighted coalition formation
Heyen, D., & Lehtomaa, J. (2021) · Oxford Open Climate Change · doi:10.1093/oxfclm/kgab010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Climate cooperation with risky solar geoengineering
Cherry, T. L., Kroll, S., & McEvoy, D. M. (2023) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-023-03612-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Economics and Governance of Solar Geoengineering
Moreno‐Cruz, J., McEvoy, D. M., McGinty, M., & Cherry, T. L. (2024) · Review of Environmental Economics and Policy · doi:10.1086/733652 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
H.G Wells, earthly and post-terrestrial futures
Alberro, H. (2022) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2022.102954 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
We need to talk about engineering policy
Cooper, A. C. G., Lioté, L., & Colomer, C. (2023) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102196 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Solar Geoengineering, Free-Driving and Conflict: An Experimental Investigation
Cherry, T. L., Kroll, S., McEvoy, D. M., & Campoverde, D. (2024) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-024-00854-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Strategic dimensions of solar geoengineering: Economic theory and experiments
Heyen, D., & Tavoni, A. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2024.102271 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Optimal control of polar sea-ice near its tipping points
Kooloth, P., Lu, J., Bakker, C., DeSantis, D., & Rupe, A. (2024) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-024-00768-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploration of a novel geoengineering solution: lighting up tropical forests at night
Gao, X., Liang, S., Wang, D., Li, Y., He, B., & Jia, A. (2022) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-13-219-2022 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sánchez, R. M., Bastien-Olvera, B. A., Calderón, O., Estrada, F., & Altamirano, M. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-05496-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cherry, T. L., Kallbekken, S., McEvoy, D. M., & Siu, W. Y. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad9d62 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Solar Geoengineering, Learning, and Experimentation
Kelly, D. L., Heutel, G., Moreno‐Cruz, J., & Shayegh, S. (2024) · Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists · doi:10.1086/729608 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficacy assessment of stratospheric aerosol scrubbing as a counter climate intervention strategy
Jones, A. C., Haywood, J., Henry, M., & Duffey, A. (2026) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-26-7589-2026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
15. A Fate Worse Than Warming?
Tang, A., & Kemp, L. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0360.15
Solar Geoengineering, Learning, and Experimentation
Kelly, D., Heutel, G., Moreno‐Cruz, J., & Shayegh, S. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28442
Gao, X. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2021-85-ac2
Gao, X. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2021-85-ac1
(2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2021-85-cc1
Gao, X. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2021-85-ac3
(2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2021-85-cc2
Gao, X. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2021-85-ac4
Tanaka, S., & Matsubayashi, T. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.22280867
Forensic Engineering in the Anticipation of Geoengineering Failures
Chen, S.-E., Bobyarchick, A. R., Braxtan, N. L., Scott, D., Liu, Y., Wang, P., Yu, Y., & Chavan, V. (2023) · Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities · doi:10.1061/jpcfev.cfeng-4468
Regional Welfare Impacts from Options for Limiting Global Average TemperaturePreprint
Ding, C., Kim, S., Singer, C. E., & Sri, R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4009794/v1
Cherry, T. L., Kroll, S., & McEvoy, D. M. (2026) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-026-01072-7
Leveraging transfers to strengthen climate cooperation under the threat of solar geoengineering
McEvoy, D. M., & McGinty, M. (2026) · Strategic Behavior and the Environment · doi:10.1108/sbe-10-2025-0001
Robust Solar Radiation Modification Strategy for Achieving Temperature Targets
Zheng, G., Wu, J., Zhang, T., & Liao, H. (2026) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70312
Clouding the mind? Assessing the suicide impacts of solar radiation management in the United States
Tanaka, S., & Matsubayashi, T. (2026) · Japanese Economic Review · doi:10.1007/s42973-026-00273-5
Governing Solar Geoengineering at Planetary Scale: Pipe Dream or Possibility?
Biermann, F., Gupta, A., Kim, R. E., & Rabitz, F. (2026) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-112624-025736
- Authors
- Abatayo, A. L., Bosetti, V., Casari, M., Ghidoni, R., & Tavoni, M.
- Affiliations
- Bocconi University (IT)
- RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (IT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 13393-13398
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC7306787
- OpenAlex
- W3031675253
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- solar geoengineering, strategic uncertainty, global commons, public goods, multilateralism, welfare loss, payoff inequality, laboratory experiments
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
