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Eumetazoan fossils in terminal Proterozoic phosphorites?
Open accessAbstract
Phosphatic sedimentary rocks preserve a record of early animal life different from and complementary to that provided by Ediacaran fossils in terminal Proterozoic sandstones and shales. Phosphorites of the Doushantuo Formation, South China, contain eggs, egg cases, and stereoblastulae that document animals of unspecified phylogenetic position; small fossils containing putative spicules may specifically record the presence of sponges. Microfossils recently interpreted as the preserved gastrulae of cnidarian and bilaterian metazoans can alternatively be interpreted as conventional algal cysts and/or egg cases modified by diagenetic processes known to have had a pervasive influence on Doushantuo phosphorites. Regardless of this interpretation, evidence for Doushantuo eumetazoans is provided by millimeter-scale tubes that display tabulation and apical budding characteristic of some Cnidaria, especially the extinct tabulates. Like some Ediacaran remains, these small, benthic, colonial fossils may represent stem-group eumetazoans or stem-group cnidarians that lived in the late Proterozoic ocean.
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“We confirm in detail an earlier report of the presence in the same deposits of tabulates, an extinct crown group anthozoan form.”
From Precambrian Animal Life: Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China (2002) · cites this paper as Xiao et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“both scanning EMs of three-dimensional fossils etched out of the limestone by acid treatment and images obtained from rock sections reveal the close similarity of this form to Paleozoic tabulates (Xiao et al., 2000).”
From Precambrian Animal Life: Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China (2002) · cites this paper as Xiao et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“These fossils were identified as tabulates, an extinct form previously known from Cambrian and later Paleozoic deposits.”
From Precambrian Animal Life: Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China (2002) · cites this paper as Xiao et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“A fossil adult cnidarian form was also recognized in the Doushantuo phosphorites (Xiao et al., 2000).”
From Precambrian Animal Life: Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China (2002) · cites this paper as Xiao et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“Most likely it is a stem-group tabulate which differs from Paleozoic tabulates in its small size and lack of external mineralization.”
From Precambrian Animal Life: Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China (2002) · cites this paper as Xiao et al. (2000)
In the citing paper
“Sinocyclocyclicus was a colonial coral-like animal, probably soft bodied, consisting of tubes that are divided into a series of chambers about 10 -16 m apart by cross-walls (tabulae).”
From Precambrian Animal Life: Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China (2002) · cites this paper as Xiao et al., 2000
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“Fossils from the Late Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation have been tentatively compared to tabulates [112,113] and hydrozoans [10].”
BackgroundNatural marine sponges for bone tissue engineering: The state of art and future perspectives
Granito, R. N., Custódio, M. R., & Rennó, A. C. M. (2016) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33706 · Cited by 101
“They are considered representatives of the first multicellular animals, with origins dated at least from the late Proterozoic, over 580 million years ago.(19) They are filter-feeding organisms with an extremely effective and complex network of water-conducting channels and chambers lined with flagellated cells, the ch…”
BackgroundXiao, S., Hagadorn, J. W., Zhou, C., & Yuan, X. (2007) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g23277a.1 · Cited by 98
Self-citationSteiner, M., Qian, Y., Li, G., Hagadorn, J. W., & Zhu, M. (2013) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.08.016 · Cited by 96
Phosphatized Polar Lobe-Forming Embryos from the Precambrian of Southwest China
Chen, J.-Y., Bottjer, D. J., Davidson, E. H., Dornbos, S. Q., Gao, X., Yang, Y.-H., Li, C.-W., Li, G., Wang, X.-Q., Xian, D.-C., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1125964 · Cited by 95
Liu, P., Xiao, S., Yin, C., Zhou, C., Gao, L., & Tang, F. (2008) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00762.x · Cited by 91
“Similarly, some egg or embryo envelopes also show brittle fractures (e.g. Xiao et al. 2000, fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDoushantuo Fossils: Life on the Eve of Animal Radiation
Luo, Z. (2005) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1040:r]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 90
“Other workers (Bengtson, 1998; Xiao et al., 2000) sup ported the idea that some poriferans may have been present in the Doushantuo biota.”
BackgroundGrowth, decay and burial compaction ofDickinsonia, an iconic Ediacaran fossil
Retallack, G. J. (2007) · Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology · doi:10.1080/03115510701484705 · Cited by 89
The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?
Conway-Morris, S. (2003) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.14756326 · Cited by 89
“This latter analysis has been received with justified caution (Xiao et al., 2000), but undeterred Chen et al. (2002) have presented further claims for phosphatized embryos showing such features as blastopores and internal cellular structures.”
Weber, B., Steiner, M., & Zhu, M. (2007) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.021 · Cited by 86
Hong, H., Zhe, C., & Xunlai, Y. (2007) · Geological Journal · doi:10.1002/gj.1077 · Cited by 83
Cartwright, P., & Collins, A. G. (2007) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icm071 · Cited by 84
“The best evidence for the earliest cnidarians comes from fossil tubes of the Doushantuo, dated to about 570 Ma (Xiao et al. 2000), but the subsequent record of Cnidaria through the Cambrian and the rest of the Phanerozoic is fragmented, considering the breadth of known extant diversity.”
BackgroundThe anatomy, affinity, and phylogenetic significance of Markuelia
Dong, X., Donoghue, P. C. J., Cunningham, J. A., Liu, J., & Cheng, H. (2005) · Evolution & Development · doi:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2005.05050.x · Cited by 83
Prelude to the Cambrian Explosion
Valentine, J. W. (2002) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.30.082901.092917 · Cited by 78
The origin of intracellular structures in Ediacaran metazoan embryos
Schiffbauer, J. D., Xiao, S., Sharma, K. S., & Wang, G. (2012) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g32546.1 · Cited by 77
Self-citationDornbos, S. Q., Bottjer, D. J., CHEN, J.-Y., Gao, F., Oliveri, P., & Li, C.-W. (2006) · Palaios · doi:10.2110/palo.2004.p04-37 · Cited by 76
“…is undeniable, an assortment of other potential phosphatized fossils also has been described recently from the Doushantuo phosphorites, including putative gastrulae, larvae, and microscopic adult sponges and cnidarians (Li et al., 1998; Chen et al., 2000; Xiao et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2002).”
BackgroundA methane fuse for the Cambrian explosion: carbon cycles and true polar wander
Kirschvink, J. L., & Raub, T. D. (2003) · Comptes Rendus Géoscience · doi:10.1016/s1631-0713(03)00011-7 · Cited by 77
“Considering further the unexpected low diversity of forms preserved in otherwise appropriate and promising Neoproterozoic taphonomic settings [114] [115] [116] [117], it seems likely that major changes in morphology and biochemistry actually took place during the Cambrian period.”
Sr isotope excursion across the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the Three Gorges area, South China
Sawaki, Y., Ohno, T., Fukushi, Y., Komiya, T., Ishikawa, T., Hirata, T., & Maruyama, S. (2007) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2007.11.002 · Cited by 74
Tiny sea anemone from the Lower Cambrian of China
Han, J., Kubota, S., Uchida, H.-O., Stanley, G. D., Yao, X., Shu, D., Li, Y., & Yasui, K. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013276 · Cited by 72
“Most of the globular forms showing some internal structures from Weng’an have later been assumed, however, to be non-biogenetic products [30,31].”
BackgroundDynamic patterns of latest Proterozoic‐Palaeozoic‐early Mesozoic marine biodiversity in South China
Jiayu, R., Junxuan, F., Miller, A. I., & Guoxiang, L. (2007) · Geological Journal · doi:10.1002/gj.1073 · Cited by 71
“In addition, there are abundant phosphatized embryo fossils of uncertain affinities from the Weng’an Biota (Xiao et al. 1998; Chen et al. 2000; Chen 2004; JY Chen et al. 2006; Hagadorn et al. 2006).”
BackgroundLarval development in Cnidaria: A connection to bilateria?
Gröger, H., & Schmid, V. J. (2001) · genesis · doi:10.1002/gene.1013 · Cited by 69
“In a recent publication on late proterozoic fossils from Doushantuo rocks, small tubes were interpreted as remains of a putative stem-cnidarian (Xiao et al., 2000).”
Exceptional Fossil Conservation through Phosphatization
Schiffbauer, J., Wallace, A., Broce, J. S., & Xiao, S. (2014) · The Paleontological Society Papers · doi:10.1017/s1089332600002801 · Cited by 57
Self-citationCunningham, J. A., Vargas, K., Yin, Z., Bengtson, S., & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2017) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2016-142 · Cited by 69
“The Ediacaran was a critical interval in the history of life (Butterfield 2007) and the Weng’an Biota offers a unique glimpse of microscopic, multicellular and soft-bodied organisms at this time.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, D., Dong, W. Q., Qi, L., Chen, G. Q., & Chen, X. P. (2003) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(03)00235-3 · Cited by 64
Chapter 10 Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Biogeochemical Evolution
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Liu, P., & Moczydłowska, M. (2019) · Fossils and strata · doi:10.1002/9781119564225.ch1 · Cited by 56
Schwentner, M., & Bosch, T. C. G. (2015) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.013 · Cited by 58
“Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate /ympev Revisiting the age, evolutionary history and species level diversity of the genus Hydra (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) q http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.013 1055-7903/ 2015 Elsevier Inc.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLanding, E., Antcliffe, J. B., Geyer, G., Kouchinsky, A., Bowser, S. S., & Andreas, A. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.013 · Cited by 55
Cunningham, J. A., Thomas, C., Bengtson, S., Kearns, S., Xiao, S., Marone, F., Stampanoni, M., & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2012) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2280 · Cited by 53
Self-citationYin, Z., Zhu, M., Tafforeau, P., Chen, J., Liu, P., & Li, G. (2011) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.08.011 · Cited by 51
Gostling, N. J., Dong, X., & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2008) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00834.x · Cited by 52
“Later stage larvae (Chen et al. 2002; Chen et al. 2000) and adults (Chen et al. 2004) that have been identified are not convincing (Bengtson and Budd 2004; Xiao et al. 2000).”
BackgroundCauses and consequences of the Cambrian explosion
Zhang, X., & Shu, D. (2014) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-013-4751-x · Cited by 50
Wang, X., Hu, S., Gan, L., Wiens, M., & ller, W. E. G. M. U. (2009) · Terra Nova · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2009.00909.x · Cited by 49
Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ): Occurrence and properties
Dorozhkin, S. V. (2017) · Morphologie · doi:10.1016/j.morpho.2017.03.007 · Cited by 49
Assembling the spiralian tree of life
Giribet, G., Dunn, C. W., Edgecombe, G. D., Hejnol, A., Martindale, M. Q., & Rouse, G. W. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0006 · Cited by 50
Chapter 9 A user's guide to Neoproterozoic geochronology
Condon, D. J., & Bowring, S. A. (2011) · Geological Society London Memoirs · doi:10.1144/m36.9 · Cited by 47
“The Doushantuo fauna comprise phosphatized eggs and embryos (Xiao et al. 1998, 2000), as well as microscopic sponges (Li et al. 1998), and thus provides critical constraint upon the earliest animals.”
BackgroundXiao, S., Knoll, A. H., Schiffbauer, J. D., Zhou, C., & Yuan, X. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1218814 · Cited by 48
Self-citationA modern look at the Animal Tree of Life*
Giribet, G., Dunn, C. W., Edgecombe, G. D., & Rouse, G. W. (2007) · Zootaxa · doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.8 · Cited by 46
EARLY CAMBRIAN METAZOAN EGGS, EMBRYOS, AND PHOSPHATIC MICROFOSSILS FROM NORTHWESTERN CANADA
PYLE, L. J., NARBONNE, G. M., NOWLAN, G. S., XIAO, S., & JAMES, N. P. (2006) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[811:ecmeea]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 46
“…(Zhang and Pratt, 1994; Bengtson and Yue, 1997; Kouchinsky et al., 1999; Yue and Bengtson, 1999; Dong et al., 2004) and Neoproterozoic rocks (Xiao et al., 1998, 2000; Xiao and Knoll, 1999, 2000; Yin et al., 2004) has dramatically advanced knowledge of a previously missing part of the…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHan, J., Kubota, S., Li, G., Ou, Q., Wang, X., Yao, X., Shu, D., Li, Y., Uesugi, K., Hoshino, M., et al. (2015) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.01.003 · Cited by 49
“Synchrotron X-ray micro-CT sections of a tetraradial cubozoan (ELISN83-66) from the Lower Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation, South China.”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroRNAs and metazoan phylogeny: big trees from little genes
Sperling, E. A., & Peterson, K. J. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549429.003.0015 · Cited by 45
Decay and Mineralization of Invertebrate Eggs
MARTIN, D., BRIGGS, D. E. G., & PARKES, R. J. (2005) · Palaios · doi:10.2110/palo.2004.p04-67 · Cited by 45
“The Doushantuo rocks were deposited at, or shortly before, the interval of animal diversification marked by diverse Ediacaran biotas (550–600 Mya; Xiao et al., 2000), and therefore any metazoan fossils that they contain are of particular interest.”
BackgroundMicrofossil Phosphatization and Its Astrobiological Implications
Xiao, S., & Schiffbauer, J. D. (2008) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8837-7_5 · Cited by 45
“The lack of in-depth understanding of Doushantuo taphonomy not only makes the biological interpretation of certain Doushantuo fossils controversial (Chen et al., 2000, 2004; Xiao et al., 2000; Bengtson and Budd, 2004), but also weakens the role of the Doushantuo biota as a model to guide further exploration of Doushan…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSeckbach, J., & Walsh, M. M. (2008) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8837-7 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- Xiao, S., Yuan, X., & Knoll, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Knoll, Andrew H.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2000-11-28
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 13684-13689
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC17636
- OpenAlex
- W2004614425
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Doushantuo Formation, phosphate rock, early animal evolution, Ediacaran, sponge spicules, egg cases, diagenesis, tabulate corals, South China
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cnidaria, Fossils, Gastrula, Minerals, Phosphates, Geologic Sediments
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