Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates

Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.606

Cited by 342Evolution and Paleontology StudiesMarine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyGenomics and Phylogenetic Studies

Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates

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Ayala, Francisco José, Rzhetsky, Andrey, Ayala, Francisco J.·1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.2.606PMC PMC18467

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Abstract

The time of origin of the animal phyla is controversial. Abundant fossils from the major animal phyla are found in the Cambrian, starting 544 million years ago. Many paleontologists hold that these phyla originated in the late Neoproterozoic, during the 160 million years preceding the Cambrian fossil explosion. We have analyzed 18 protein-coding gene loci and estimated that protostomes (arthropods, annelids, and mollusks) diverged from deuterostomes (echinoderms and chordates) about 670 million years ago, and chordates from echinoderms about 600 million years ago. Both estimates are consistent with paleontological estimates. A published analysis of seven gene loci that concludes that the corresponding divergence times are 1,200 and 1,000 million years ago is shown to be flawed because it extrapolates from slow-evolving vertebrate rates to faster-evolving invertebrate rates, as well as in other ways.

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Molecular clock estimates mostly place the latest PDA much deeper in time than the latest Neoproterozoic, with dates ranging from 600 to 1200 Mya depending on proteins, calibration points, and substitution models.
“Depending on the proteins, calibration points and rate substitution models used, these estimates range from 600 to 1200 Mya (Wray et al., 1996;Ayala et al., 1998;Bromham et al., 1998;Gu, 1998;Cutler, 2000).”
From The last common bilaterian ancestor (2002) · cites this paper as Ayala et al., 1998
Bilaterians do not have a significant precambrian evolutionary history.
“Our data suggest that, inconsistent with most molecular clock estimates but consistent with paleontological predictions (e.g., refs. 13 and 14), bilaterians do not have a significant precambrian evolutionary history.”
From Estimating metazoan divergence times with a molecular clock (2004) · cites this paper as [13]
The method presented here is more reliable than previous molecular dating techniques.
“The combination of a rate constancy test with high resolution of long DNA sequences (two data sets totaling over 7,000 bp), use of a wide range of taxa and fossil dates (rather than reliance on a single calibration rate), and a maximum likelihood analysis makes this method more reliable than previous molecular dating techniques (11).”
From Testing the Cambrian explosion hypothesis by using a molecular dating technique (1998) · cites this paper as [23]
Molecular phylogenies based on sequence comparisons of protein domains shared by all bilaterians suggest that the time of divergence of these proteins may extend back to 600-1,200 Ma ago.
“Molecular phylogenies based on sequence comparisons of protein domains shared by all bilaterians suggest that the time of divergence of these proteins may extend back to 600–1,200 million years (megaannuum; Ma) ago (11–16).”
From Precambrian animal diversity: Putative phosphatized embryos from the Doushantuo Formation of China (2000) · cites this paper as [12]
Analyses of nuclear SSU rRNA sequences have limitations including nucleotide compositional bias, among site rate variation, and heterogeneous rates of evolution across lineages.
“Among the limitations noted are nucleotide compositional bias, among site rate variation, and heterogeneous rates of evolution across lineages (12–16).”
From Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA (2001) · cites this paper as [15]

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Authors: Ayala, F. J., Rzhetsky, A., & Ayala, F. J.
Affiliations: Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Rzhetsky, Andrey
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1998-01-20
Volume: 95
Issue: 2
Pages: 606-611
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.2.606
PMC: PMC18467
OpenAlex: W2146480768
Cited by: 342
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 41.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01gm042397-05)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 42397)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Keywords: divergence time estimation, Cambrian explosion, Neoproterozoic, protein-coding genes, molecular clock rates, invertebrate evolution, arthropods, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata
MeSH terms: Animals, Fossils, Phylogeny, Proteins, Evolution, Molecular

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Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates

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