Verb generation in patients with focal frontal lesions: a neuropsychological test of neuroimaging findings
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What are the neural bases of semantic memory? Traditional beliefs that the temporal lobes subserve the retrieval of semantic knowledge, arising from lesion studies, have been recently called into question by functional neuroimaging studies finding correlations between semantic retrieval and activity in left prefrontal cortex. Has neuroimaging taught us something new about the neural bases of cognition that older methods could not reveal or has it merely identified brain activity that is correlated with but not causally related to the process of semantic retrieval? We examined the ability of patients with focal frontal lesions to perform a task commonly used in neuroimaging experiments, the generation of semantically appropriate action words for concrete nouns, and found evidence of the necessity of the left inferior frontal gyrus for certain components of the verb generation task. Notably, these components did not include semantic retrieval per se.
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Coordinated activity across multiple brain regions, particularly left frontal and temporal areas, underlies verbal fluency.
“Neuropsychological investigations have shown that verbal fluency, as measured by the ability to generate lists of words aloud under time constraint, relies on the coordinated activity of a number of brain areas, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere.”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Thompson-Schill et al., 1998
Left frontal damage, especially in left inferior frontal cortex, disrupts verbal fluency in patients who are not overtly aphasic.
“Damage to the left frontal lobe, especially to left inferior frontal cortex (LIFC) has consistently been shown to impair verbal fluency, even in patients who are not overtly aphasic (e.g., Baldo & Shimamura, 1998; Milner, 1964; Thompson-Schill et al., 1998).”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Thompson-Schill et al., 1998
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- Authors
- Thompson-Schill, S. L., Swick, D., Farah, M. J., D’Esposito, M., Kan, I. P., & Knight, R. T.
- Affiliations
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, 3815 Walnut Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, VA Medical Center, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553
- Martinez VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1998-12-22
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 15855-15860
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC28134
- OpenAlex
- W2130466221
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns034030-07, 1r03dc003023-01, 2r01ns021135-33, NS01762, NS21135, AG13483)
- National Institute on Aging (F32AG005743, AG05743, Z01AG000756)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC03023)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS34030, R56NS021135, R37NS021135, R01 NS-021135)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- verb generation, left inferior frontal gyrus, semantic memory, semantic search, action words, concrete nouns, prefrontal cortex, neuropsychological assessment, neural basis of cognition, temporal lobe
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Infarction, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Language, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Meningeal Neoplasms, Meningioma, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Verbal Behavior, Vocabulary
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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