Nrf2-dependent and -independent Responses to Nitro-fatty Acids in Human Endothelial Cells
Open accessAbstract
Electrophilic fatty acid derivatives, including nitrolinoleic acid and nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO(2)), can mediate anti-inflammatory and pro-survival signaling reactions. The transcription factor Nrf2, activated by electrophilic fatty acids, suppresses redox-sensitive pro-inflammatory gene expression and protects against vascular endothelial oxidative injury. It was therefore postulated that activation of Nrf2 by OA-NO(2) accounts in part for its anti-inflammatory actions, motivating the characterization of Nrf2-dependent and -independent effects of OA-NO(2) on gene expression using genome-wide transcriptional profiling. Control and Nrf2-small interfering RNA-transfected human endothelial cells were treated with vehicle, oleic acid, or OA-NO(2), and differential gene expression profiles were determined. Although OA-NO(2) significantly induced the expression of Nrf2-dependent genes, including heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, the majority of OA-NO(2)-regulated genes were regulated by Nrf2-independent pathways. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the heat shock response is the major pathway activated by OA-NO(2), with robust induction of a number of heat shock genes regulated by the heat shock transcription factor. Inasmuch as the heat shock response mediates anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions, this mechanism is proposed to contribute to the protective cell signaling functions of nitro-fatty acids and other electrophilic fatty acid derivatives.
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This post-translational modification of functionally-significant hyperreactive thiols induces pleiotropic responses that include the cGMP-independent activation of transcriptional programs regulated by Nrf2 and nuclear lipid receptors, as well as inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling by NF-kβ.
“This post-translational modification of functionally-significant hyperreactive thiols induces pleiotropic responses that include the cGMP-independent activation of transcriptional programs regulated by nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear lipid receptors, as well as inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling by nuclear factor kappa-β (NF-kβ) [12–15].”
From Nitrite and nitrate-dependent generation of anti-inflammatory fatty acid nitroalkenes (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Synthetic homologs of endogenous nitroalkenes induce human coronary artery endothelium to alter the expression of over 400 genes related to metabolism, tissue repair and inflammatory responses.
“Consequently, synthetic homologs of endogenous nitroalkenes induce human coronary artery endothelium to alter the expression of over 400 genes related to metabolism, tissue repair and inflammatory responses [12].”
From Nitrite and nitrate-dependent generation of anti-inflammatory fatty acid nitroalkenes (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Previously reported targets of nitroalkylation include Cys285 of PPARγ, Cys273 and Cys288 of Keap1, heat shock proteins, and Cys38 of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.
“Previously reported targets of nitroalkylation include the Cys285 of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ) [35], Cys273 and Cys288 of the Nrf2 regulatory protein Keap1 [Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/regulator of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 (Nrf2)] [12], heat shock proteins[12], and Cys38 of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) [36] (Fig. 5).”
From Nitrite and nitrate-dependent generation of anti-inflammatory fatty acid nitroalkenes (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
NO2-FA activate Nrf2-regulated anti-inflammatory gene expression and heat shock factor-regulated heat shock protein expression.
“Additionally, NO2-FA activate Nrf2-regulated anti-inflammatory gene expression and heat shock factor-regulated heat shock protein expression [17], [46], [55].”
From Olives and olive oil are sources of electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes (2014) · cites this paper as [55]
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Delmastro-Greenwood, M., Hughan, K. S., Vitturi, D. A., Salvatore, S. R., Grimes, G., Potti, G., Shiva, S., Schopfer, F. J., Gladwin, M. T., Freeman, B. A., et al. (2015) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.149 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationKelley, E. E., Baust, J., Bonacci, G., Golin-Bisello, F., Devlin, J. E., St. Croix, C. M., Watkins, S. C., Gor, S., Cantu-Medellin, N., Weidert, E. R., et al. (2014) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvt341 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Characterization and quantification of endogenous fatty acid nitroalkene metabolites in human urine
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Self-citationElectrophilic nitro-fatty acids: anti-inflammatory mediators in the vascular compartment
Khoo, N. K., & Freeman, B. A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2009.11.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Kansanen, E., Jyrkkänen, H.-K., Volger, O. L., Leinonen, H., Kivelä, A. M., Häkkinen, S.-K., Woodcock, S. R., Schopfer, F. J., Horrevoets, A. J., Ylä-Herttuala, S., Freeman, B. A., & Levonen, A.-L.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levonen, Anna-Liisa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 284
- Issue
- 48
- Pages
- 33233-33241
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2785166
- OpenAlex
- W2109621677
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- American Heart Association
- Academy of Finland
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL64937, R01HL064937, R01HL058115, R01-HL-58115)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide
- Keywords
- nitro-fatty acids, nitro-oleic acid, Nrf2, endothelial cells, heat shock response, heat shock transcription factor, heme oxygenase-1, GCLM, anti-inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, gene expression profiling, cytoprotection
- MeSH terms
- Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase, Hot Temperature, Humans, Linoleic Acids, Nitro Compounds, Oleic Acids, Blotting, Western, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, Cluster Analysis, NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone), Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Profiling, RNA Interference, Endothelial Cells, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Heme Oxygenase-1
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