Reversible Post-translational Modification of Proteins by Nitrated Fatty Acids in Vivo
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Nitric oxide ((*)NO)-derived reactive species nitrate unsaturated fatty acids, yielding nitroalkene derivatives, including the clinically abundant nitrated oleic and linoleic acids. The olefinic nitro group renders these derivatives electrophilic at the carbon beta to the nitro group, thus competent for Michael addition reactions with cysteine and histidine. By using chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches, we characterized this reactivity by using in vitro reaction systems, and we demonstrated that nitroalkene-protein and GSH adducts are present in vivo under basal conditions in healthy human red cells. Nitro-linoleic acid (9-, 10-, 12-, and 13-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acids) (m/z 324.2) and nitro-oleic acid (9- and 10-nitro-9-octadecaenoic acids) (m/z 326.2) reacted with GSH (m/z 306.1), yielding adducts with m/z of 631.3 and 633.3, respectively. At physiological concentrations, nitroalkenes inhibited glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which contains a critical catalytic Cys (Cys-149). GAPDH inhibition displayed an IC(50) of approximately 3 microM for both nitroalkenes, an IC(50) equivalent to the potent thiol oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and an IC(50) 30-fold less than H(2)O(2), indicating that nitroalkenes are potent thiol-reactive species. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed covalent adducts between fatty acid nitroalkene derivatives and GAPDH, including at the catalytic Cys-149. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of human red cells confirmed that nitroalkenes readily undergo covalent, thiol-reversible post-translational modification of nucleophilic amino acids in GSH and GAPDH in vivo. The adduction of GAPDH and GSH by nitroalkenes significantly increased the hydrophobicity of these molecules, both inducing translocation to membranes and suggesting why these abundant derivatives had not been detected previously via traditional high pressure liquid chromatography analysis. The occurrence of these electrophilic nitroalkylation reactions in vivo indicates that this reversible post-translational protein modification represents a new pathway for redox regulation of enzyme function, cell signaling, and protein trafficking.
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After fatty acid nitration and conferral of electrophilic reactivity, NO2-FA potently modulate these same pathways at nM concentrations.
“In contrast, after fatty acid nitration and conferral of electrophilic reactivity, NO2-FA potently modulate these same pathways at nM concentrations [46], [54].”
From Olives and olive oil are sources of electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
The facile and reversible Michael addition of NO2-FA with susceptible thiols of specific protein targets explains why only low concentrations and rates of generation of electrophilic lipids are needed to accumulate target protein adduction and instigate downstream signaling responses.
“This is explained by the facile and reversible Michael addition of NO2-FA with susceptible thiols of specific protein targets, thus requiring only low concentrations and rates of generation of electrophilic lipids to result in the accumulation of target protein adduction and instigation of downstream signaling responses [16], [54].”
From Olives and olive oil are sources of electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Batthyany, C., Schopfer, F. J., Baker, P. R. S., Durán, R., Baker, L. M. S., Huang, Y., Cerveñansky, C., Branchaud, B. P., & Freeman, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (UY)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 281
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 20450-20463
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2169497
- OpenAlex
- W2120807382
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 64937, R01HL064937, HL 58115, R37HL058115, R01HL058115, T32-HL-07457, T32HL007457)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Keywords
- nitro-fatty acids, nitroalkenes, nitro-oleic acid, nitric oxide, post-translational modification, glutathione adducts, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, thiol reactivity, Michael addition, cysteine, histidine, erythrocytes
- MeSH terms
- Alkylation, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Ascorbic Acid, Erythrocytes, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Glutathione, Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases, Humans, Kinetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Nitrates, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Proteins, Rabbits, Mass Spectrometry, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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