Cited by 518Nutritional Studies and DietStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyNutrition and Health Studies

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Food-frequency questionnaires: a review of their design, validation and utilisation

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Cade, J. E., Burley, V. J., Warm, D. L., Thompson, R. L., Margetts, B. M.·2004·Nutrition Research Reviews

DOI 10.1079/nrr200370

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Abstract

A review of the literature concerning the design, utilisation and validation of food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) has been carried out using a semi-systematic approach to obtaining, reviewing and extracting data from articles. Databases were searched from 1980 to 1999. The present review identified 227 validation (from 1980 to September 1999) and 164 utilisation (for 1998 only) studies. A number of design issues have been evaluated through the present review. These include: the need to consider how portion sizes have been described, self-defined giving higher mean correlations; how an FFQ was administered, interviewer-administered giving higher mean correlations for some nutrients; how many items to include on an FFQ, those with the largest number of items having higher correlations. Validation techniques were described. Most validation studies involved comparing an FFQ against another dietary assessment method; only 19 % compared an FFQ to a biomarker. Measurement differences were most commonly assessed by correlation coefficients as opposed to other more appropriate methods. Mean correlation coefficients were highest for Ca and fat, and lowest for vitamin A and vegetables. The utilisation studies showed that FFQ were most commonly used in cross-sectional surveys, with ninety-three of the FFQ being designed to be disease-specific. The present review results were presented to a group of experts and a consensus arrived at concerning the development, validation and use of FFQ. Recommendations derived from the consensus arising from the literature review are presented as an appendix to the present paper.

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BackgroundResult

See all 518

Authors: Cade, J. E., Burley, V. J., Warm, D. L., Thompson, R. L., & Margetts, B. M.
Affiliations: University of Leeds (GB)
University of Southampton (GB)
Corresponding author: Cade, J. E.
ORCID: Cade, J. E.
Burley, V. J.
Thompson, R. L.
Venue: Nutrition Research Reviews
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2004-06
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-22
ISSN: 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
1475-2700
DOI: 10.1079/nrr200370
OpenAlex: W2155756215
Cited by: 518
References: 214
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 1291 d)
Locations: Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
Keywords: food frequency questionnaire, dietary assessment, questionnaire design, questionnaire validation, nutrient intake estimation, cross-sectional survey, disease-specific questionnaire, expert consensus recommendations

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Food-frequency questionnaires: a review of their design, validation and utilisation

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