Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires – a review

Cade, Janet; Thompson, Rachel; Burley, Victoria; Warm, Daniel

doi:10.1079/phn2001318

Cited by 1,423Nutritional Studies and DietStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyHealth Education and Validation

Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires – a review

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Cade, Janet, Thompson, Rachel, Burley, Victoria, Warm, Daniel·2002·Public Health Nutrition

DOI 10.1079/phn2001318

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Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this review is to provide guidance on the development, validation and use of food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for different study designs. It does not include any recommendations about the most appropriate method for dietary assessment (e.g. food-frequency questionnaire versus weighed record). Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases was carried out for publications from 1980 to 1999. Findings from the review were then commented upon and added to by a group of international experts. Results: Recommendations have been developed to aid in the design, validation and use of FFQs. Specific details of each of these areas are discussed in the text. Conclusions: FFQs are being used in a variety of ways and different study designs. There is no gold standard for directly assessing the validity of FFQs. Nevertheless, the outcome of this review should help those wishing to develop or adapt an FFQ to validate it for its intended use.

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A sample size of 50-100 is required to accurately estimate the Bland-Altman limits of agreement between 2 methods.
“To accurately estimate the Bland-Altman limits of agreement between 2 methods, a sample size of 50-100 is required [23].”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
It has been suggested that for very short time intervals between administrations, respondents may remember and replicate their entries rather than reporting their diet intake accurately.
“In addition, it has also been suggested that for very short time intervals between administrations, respondents may remember and replicate their entries rather than reporting their diet intake accurately [23].”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
The mean unadjusted correlation coefficient (r=.75) for energy and nutrient intake compared well with previous studies on both computerized and non-Web-based FFQ.
“The mean unadjusted correlation coefficient (r=.75) for energy and nutrient intake compared well with previous studies on both computerized [21,30-31] and non-Web-based FFQ [23,32-35].”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
In the present study, 22 of 30 nutrients assessed had a correlation coefficient greater than the .4 threshold proposed by Cade et al., and 13 of 30 achieved a correlation greater than or equal to the .5 proposed by Masson et al.
“In the present study, 22 of 30 nutrients assessed had a correlation coefficient greater than the .4 threshold that was proposed by Cade at al. [23], and 13 of 30 achieved a correlation greater than or equal to the “desirable” .5 proposed by Masson et al [42].”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
It has been suggested that for very short time intervals, respondents may remember and replicate their entries rather than accurately reporting their dietary intake, but this is unlikely to be a significant problem in the present study where the Food4Me FFQ contained 157 food items.
“It has been suggested that for very short time intervals, respondents may remember and replicate their entries rather than accurately reporting their dietary intake [23], but this is unlikely to be a significant problem in the present study where the Food4Me FFQ contained 157 food items.”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [23]

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Authors: Cade, J., Thompson, R., Burley, V., & Warm, D.
Affiliations: University of Leeds (GB)
Southampton General Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Cade, Janet
ORCID: Cade, Janet
Thompson, Rachel
Burley, Victoria
Venue: Public Health Nutrition
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 567-587
ISSN: 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
1475-2727
DOI: 10.1079/phn2001318
OpenAlex: W2024433326
Cited by: 1,423
References: 187
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 1.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 1615 d)
Locations: Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: food frequency questionnaire, questionnaire development, questionnaire validation, dietary assessment, research design
MeSH terms: Data Collection, Diet Surveys, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Nutrition Assessment, Diet Records

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Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires – a review

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