Cited by 367Nutritional Studies and DietStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyNutrition and Health Studies

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Validation and calibration of food-frequency questionnaire measurements in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease cohort

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Johansson, Ingegerd, Hallmans, Göran, Wikman, Åsa, Biessy, Carine, Riboli, Elio, Kaaks, Rudolf·2002·Public Health Nutrition

DOI 10.1079/phn2001315

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the reproducibility of, and to compare and calibrate, diet measures by the Northern Sweden 84-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with measures from 24-hour diet recalls (24-HDR). DESIGN: Randomly selected respondents from the EPIC (diet-cancer) and MONICA (diet-cardiovascular disease) study cohort in Northern Sweden were invited to answer the FFQ twice over a one-year interval (FFQ1 and FFQ2), and to complete ten 24-hour recalls (reference method) in the months between. Plasma beta-carotene concentrations were determined from a subset of 47 participants. SETTING: Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Northern Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-six men and 99 women, who completed the study. RESULTS: The reproducibility of the FFQ was high in terms of both mean energy and nutrient intakes and relative ranking of participants by intake levels (median Pearson correlation of 0.68). Moderately higher food intake frequencies were recorded by FFQ1 compared with 24-hour recalls for dairy products, bread/cereals, vegetables, fruits and potato/rice/pasta, whereas meat, fish, sweet snacks and alcoholic beverage intakes were lower. The median Spearman coefficient of correlation between FFQ1 and the average of ten 24-HDR measurements was 0.50. Daily energy and nutrient intakes were similar for FFQ1 and 24-HDR measurements, except for fibre, vitamin C, beta-carotene and retinol (FFQ1>24-HDR) and sucrose and cholesterol Pearson coefficients of correlation between FFQ1 and 24-HDR corrected for attenuation due to residual day-to-day variation in the 24-HDR measurements ranged from 0.36 to 0.79 (median 0.54). Adjustment for energy had only very moderate effects on the correlation estimates. Calibration coefficients estimated by linear regression of the 24-HDR on the FFQ1 measurements varied between 0.30 and 0.59 for all nutrients except alcohol, which had calibration coefficients close to 1.0. These low calibration coefficients indicate that relative risk estimates corresponding to an absolute difference in dietary intake levels measured by the FFQ will generally be biased towards 1.0. Plasma beta-carotene levels had a Pearson coefficient of correlation of 0.47 with the 24-HDR measurements, and of 0.23 with FFQ1 measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The Northern Sweden FFQ measurements have good reproducibility and an estimated level of validity similar to that of FFQ measurements in other prospective cohort studies. The results from this study will form the basis for the correction of attenuation and regression dilution biases in relative risk estimates, in future studies relating FFQ measurements to disease outcomes.

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Authors: Johansson, I., Hallmans, G., Wikman, Å., Biessy, C., Riboli, E., & Kaaks, R.
Affiliations: Umeå University (SE)
Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
Corresponding author: Johansson, Ingegerd
ORCID: Johansson, Ingegerd
Biessy, Carine
Kaaks, Rudolf
Venue: Public Health Nutrition
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 487-496
ISSN: 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
1475-2727
DOI: 10.1079/phn2001315
OpenAlex: W2153856142
Cited by: 366
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 5.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 1676 d)
Locations: Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Cancerfonden
Vetenskapsrådet
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
Keywords: food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour dietary recall, dietary assessment validation, questionnaire calibration, reproducibility, nutrient intake, energy intake, EPIC study, MONICA study, alcohol consumption, fibre intake, vitamin C, retinol, sucrose, cholesterol, day-to-day variability, relative risk
MeSH terms: Adult, Diet Surveys, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweden, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Diet Records, Linear Models, beta Carotene

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Validation and calibration of food-frequency questionnaire measurements in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease cohort

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