The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes of the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). DESIGN: Cohort of men and women recruited through general practices or by post to include a high proportion of non meat-eaters. Dietary, anthropometric and lifestyle data were collected at baseline and four diet groups were defined. SETTING: United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 65 429 men and women aged 20 to 97 years, comprising 33 883 meat-eaters, 10 110 fish-eaters, 18 840 lacto-ovo vegetarians and 2596 vegans. RESULTS: Nutrient intakes and lifestyle factors differed across the diet groups, with striking differences between meat-eaters and vegans, and fish-eaters and vegetarians usually having intermediate values. Mean fat intake in each diet group was below the UK dietary reference value of 33% of total energy intake. The mean intake of saturated fatty acids in vegans was approximately 5% of energy, less than half the mean intake among meat-eaters (10-11%). Vegans had the highest intakes of fibre, vitamin B1, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium and iron, and the lowest intakes of retinol, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium and zinc. CONCLUSIONS: The EPIC-Oxford cohort includes 31 546 non meat-eaters and is one of the largest studies of vegetarians in the world. The average nutrient intakes in the whole cohort are close to those currently recommended for good health. Comparisons of the diet groups show wide ranges in the intakes of major nutrients such as saturated fat and dietary fibre. Such variation should increase the ability of the study to detect associations of diet with major cancers and causes of death.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Vegans consume lower amounts of cholesterol and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) [33,26].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“The lower n-3 PUFA intake in vegans is reflected in reduced circulating concentrations compared with omnivores [33,26,139].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Large cohort studies indicate that vegans have a higher risk (compared with omnivores) for deficiencies in several micronutrients predominantly found in animal-derived foods, such as vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“However, categorized by diet, daily calcium intakes were significantly lower in both male (610 mg/d) and female (582 mg/d) vegans [26]”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Data from the EPIC-Oxford cohort illustrate that average calcium intakes were 1042 mg/d and 988 mg/d in UK males and females, respectively [26].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC–Oxford participants
Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2002) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2001322 · Cited by 1,082
Self-citationThe dietary and nutritional survey of British adults
(1990) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/0924-2244(90)90106-9 · Cited by 884
THE USE OF A SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE TO ASSESS DIET FOUR YEARS IN THE PAST
Willett, W. C., SAMPSON, L., Browne, M. L., Stampfer, M. J., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114780 · Cited by 801
Day, N., Oakes, S., Luben, R., Khaw, K., Bingham, S., Welch, A., & Wareham, N. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.17863/cam.89388 · Cited by 780
McCance and widdowson's the composition of foods
Pennington, J. A. T. (1992) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/0889-1575(92)90046-m · Cited by 765
Bingham, S. A., Gill, C., Welch, A., Day, K., Cassidy, A., Khaw, K. T., Sneyd, M. J., Key, T. J. A., Roe, L., & Day, N. E. (1994) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19940064 · Cited by 749
Self-citationBingham, S. (1997) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.s137 · Cited by 634
Nutritional methods in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk
Bingham, S. A., Welch, A. A., McTaggart, A., Mulligan, A. A., Runswick, S. A., Luben, R., Oakes, S., Khaw, K., Wareham, N. J., & Day, N. (2001) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2000102 · Cited by 431
Bingham, S. A., Cassidy, A., Cole, T. J., Welch, A., Runswick, S. A., Black, A. E., Thurnham, D., Bates, C., Khaw, K. T., Key, T. J. A., et al. (1995) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19950057 · Cited by 377
Self-citationRíboli, E. (1992) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058097 · Cited by 336
Diet and body mass index in 38 000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans
Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300 · Cited by 331
Self-citationEPIC-Norfolk: Study design and characteristics of the cohort
Day, N., Oakes, S., Luben, R., Khaw, K., Bingham, S., Welch, A., & Wareham, N. (1999) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 261
The Oxford Vegetarian Study: an overview
Appleby, P. N., Thorogood, M., Mann, J. I., & Key, T. J. A. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.525s · Cited by 258
Self-citationKey, T. J., Fraser, G. E., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N., Beral, V., Reeves, G., Burr, M. L., Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Kuzma, J. W., et al. (1998) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn19980006 · Cited by 224
Self-citationAllen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., Kaaks, R., Rinaldi, S., & Key, T. J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 202
Self-citation(1991) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849732499 · Cited by 168
Milk Products and Eggs: Fourth Supplement to McCance and Widdowson's the Composition of Foods
Holland, B. R., Unwin, I. D., Buss, D. H., McCance, R. A., & Widdowson, E. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 154
Vegetables, herbs and spices: fifth supplement to McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods.
Holland, B. R., Unwin, I. D., & Buss, D. H. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 145
(1993) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849732611 · Cited by 144
Holland, B. R., BROWN, J. H., & Buss, D. H. (1993) · Cited by 136
(1992) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849732482 · Cited by 136
Hormones and diet: low insulin-like growth factor-I but normal bioavailable androgens in vegan men
Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2000) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1152 · Cited by 125
Self-citation(1995) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849732475 · Cited by 119
Johnsen, D. (1992) · Food / Nahrung · doi:10.1002/food.19920360456 · Cited by 111
Cereals and cereal products: third supplement to McCance and Widdowsons the Composition of foods
Holland, B. R., McCance, R. A., Widdowson, E. M., Unwin, I. D., & Buss, D. H. (1988) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · Cited by 108
(1994) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849732604 · Cited by 108
(1996) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849732505 · Cited by 106
Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford
Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., Allen, N. E., Spencer, E. A., & Travis, R. C. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.533s · Cited by 96
Self-citationSeven unique food consumption patterns identified among women in the UK Women’s Cohort Study
Greenwood, D. C., Cade, J. E., Draper, A., Barrett, J. H., Calvert, C., & Greenhalgh, A. (2000) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600941 · Cited by 91
Harrison, N. (1996) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/s0309-1740(97)89754-9 · Cited by 87
BIRCH, G. G. (1997) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0308-8146(97)90004-2 · Cited by 58
Thomas, H. V., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (1999) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690546 · Cited by 52
Self-citationSoy Milk Intake in Relation to Serum Sex Hormone Levels in British Men
Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2001) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2001.9680610 · Cited by 29
Self-citationVerkasalo, P. K., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2001) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1207/s15327914nc402_1 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Allen, 2002, Circulating total and bioavailable insulin-like growth factor-I is lower among vegan women compared with vegetarians and meat-eaters, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 11, 1441
- Holland, 1991, McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods
- 1993, Food Portion Sizes
- Prescott-Clarke, 1997, Health Survey for England 1995. Vol. 1. Findings
- 1991, Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets
Craig, W. J., & Mangels, A. R. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027 · Cited by 1,078
Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60167-1 · Cited by 819
Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits
Yeates, A. J., McSorley, E. M., Cuskelly, G. J., MOSS, B. W., Wallace, J. M. W., Bonham, M. P., & Fearon, A. M. (2009) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029 · Cited by 839
Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Threapleton, D. E., Greenwood, D. C., Evans, C. E. L., Cleghorn, C. L., Nykjaer, C., Woodhead, C., Cade, J. E., Gale, C. P., & Burley, V. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f6879 · Cited by 749
Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK
Scarborough, P., Appleby, P. N., Mizdrak, A., Briggs, A. D. M., Travis, R. C., Bradbury, K. E., & Key, T. J. (2014) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1 · Cited by 718
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Davey, G. K., Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., Knox, K. H., & Key, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Cancer Research UK (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Davey, Gwyneth K
- Venue
- Public Health Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259-268
- ISSN
- 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2727
- OpenAlex
- W1987997128
- Cited by
- 583
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- University of Oxford
- European Commission
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- dietary habits, nutrient intake, meat-eaters, vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, lifestyle factors, saturated fat intake, dietary fiber, micronutrient intake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Anthropometry, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Feeding Behavior, Female, Fishes, United Kingdom, Humans, Life Style, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Minerals, Diet, Vegetarian, Vitamins, Cohort Studies, Diet Records, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
