The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Leek, J. (2014), “On the Scalability of Statistical Procedures: Why the p-Value Bashers Just Don't Get It,” Simply Statistics Blog, Available at http://simplystatistics.org/2014/02/14/on-the-scalability-of-statistical-procedures-why-the-p-value-bashers-just-dont-get-it/.
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Rochester, J. R., Kwiatkowski, C. F., Neveux, I., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21070905 · Cited by 9
Formánek, T., Krupchanka, D., Perry, B. I., Mladá, K., Osimo, E. F., Masopust, J., Jones, P. B., & Plana‐Ripoll, O. (2024) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.110 · Cited by 9
Jorgensen, S. C. J., Drover, S. S. M., Fell, D. B., Austin, P. C., D'Souza, R. D., Guttmann, A., Buchan, S. A., Wilson, S. E., Nasreen, S., Brown, K. A., et al. (2024) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000743 · Cited by 10
A Memory-augmented Conditional Neural Process model for traffic prediction
Wei, Y., He, H., Yuan, K., Schaefer, G., Ji, Z., & Fang, H. (2024) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2024.112578 · Cited by 9
Variation in Opioid Agonist Dosing in Clinical Trials by Race and Ethnicity
Ross, R. K., Inose, S., Shulman, M., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.36612 · Cited by 9
Bove, F., Greek, A. A., Gatiba, R., Kohler, B., Sherman, R., Shin, G. T., & Bernstein, A. S. (2024) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp14966 · Cited by 8
Barry, L., Lyons, M., McCreesh, K. M., Myers, T., Powell, C., & Comyns, T. M. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142210411 · Cited by 11
Courtenay, L. A. (2024) · Quaternary Environments and Humans · doi:10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100041 · Cited by 9
Zhang, L., Shi, Y., & Wang, D. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3521248 · Cited by 9
“As a consequence, the NHST methods fail to make statements on the difference of tested models which only relied on the p -value to summarize the dataset assuming a specific H 0 hypothesis [78], [79].”
Foley, J. M., Kwiatkowski, C. F., Rochester, J. R., Neveux, I., Dabe, S., Lathrop, M. K., Daza, E. J., Grzymski, J. J., Greenfield, B. K., & Hua, J. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22010099 · Cited by 9
Filippou, C., Coutts, R. H. A., Kotta‐Loizou, I., El-Kamand, S., & Papanicolaou, A. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11010063 · Cited by 8
“Here, we investigated key pathways involved in fungal virulence by complementing the often misleading p /q-values produced by averaging data with high biological variance [44] with boxplots that expert curators can use to qualitatively assess gene levels for each candidate gene.”
A Universal Break in Energy Functions of Three Hyperactive Repeating Fast Radio Bursts
Wu, Q., Wang, F. Y., Zhao, Z.-Y., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adaa7f · Cited by 9
Goyal, A. V., & Wang, S. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adb487 · Cited by 14
Sav, N. M. (2025) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-025-06723-3 · Cited by 11
“A p -value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant [13].”
InfluentialEnvironmental drivers of fungal non-pollen palynomorphs in European temperate forest
Zimny, M., Czortek, P., & Jaroszewicz, B. (2025) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105318 · Cited by 9
Linear regression reporting practices for health researchers, a cross-sectional meta-research study
Jones, L. V., Barnett, A. G., & Vagenas, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305150 · Cited by 22
Osteoporosis medication use over time in the United States and Canada
Hayes, K. N., Zullo, A. R., Berry, S. D., et al. (2025) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-025-07484-3 · Cited by 9
“We chose not to conduct formal statistical tests for trends, as these tests are relatively uninformative in large populations since they are directly impacted by sample size and often reject the null hypothesis (i.e., “are significant”), even when differences are trivial [10].”
Deep Learning Innovations for Greenhouse Climate Prediction: Insights From a Spanish Case Study
Oussous, S. A., Lail, D. M., Bouayadi, R. E., & Amine, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3559232 · Cited by 9
“…(1% probability of randomness), p 0.001 represents highly significant results (0.1% probability of randomness, providing very strong evidence), while p ≥ 0.05 suggests that the correlation is not significant and we cannot confidently claim there is a real relationship between the variables [39].”
InfluentialHeuts, S., Kawczynski, M. J., Velders, B. J. J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezaf139 · Cited by 9
“Table 2 elaborates on the most common mis-conceptions of its associated P -values [3–6].”
Tran, A., Zureik, M., Sibiude, J., et al. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004576 · Cited by 9
“Although we acknowledge the possibility of false-positive findings, the p -value use could lead to missing potential safety signals [38].”
Rodrigues, P., Simpson, L. L., Lawley, J. S., Lesmana, H. S., & Hecksteden, A. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep092726 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, effect sizes were calculated to provide a more comprehensive interpretation of the magnitude of changes, as recommended by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
The effect of transient sex hormone fluctuations on vascular endothelial function
Turner, C. G., & DuPont, J. J. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00174.2025 · Cited by 9
Community assembly and co-invasion jointly shape the regeneration of two non-native tree species
Puchałka, R., Dyderski, M. K., & Czortek, P. (2025) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123261 · Cited by 9
Interpreting statistics from published research to answer clinical and management questions1
White, B. J., Larson, R. L., & Theurer, M. E. (2016) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0706 · Cited by 9
Herding in Smart-Beta Investment Products
Krkoska, E., & Schenk–Hoppé, K. R. (2019) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm12010047 · Cited by 9
“The severity of the issue is further documented by fact that the American Statistical Association issued a statement on p-values ( Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundBegg, C. B. (2020) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkaa012 · Cited by 9
Hepgul, N., Wilson, R. J., Yi, D., Evans, C., Bajwah, S., Crosby, V., Wilcock, A., Lindsay, F., Byrne, A., Young, C. A., et al. (2020) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr08360 · Cited by 9
“The American Statistical Association released a policy statement in 2016 specifically targeting this issue.(93) A comment paper published in Nature earlier this year updated this concern regarding pervasive categorisation on the basis of the p-values.”
BackgroundKey Issues in the Statistical Interpretation of Randomized Clinical Trials
Brophy, J. M. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.12.014 · Cited by 9
Kliesch, M., Giroud, N., & Meyer, M. E. (2021) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-200117 · Cited by 9
“confidence intervals instead of p-values, given the well-known shortcomings of the latter as a good measure of evidence for a model or hypothesis, and the likelihood of a type II error due to confounding by the number of observations in our sample [33, 34].”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Training Load Measures and Next-Day Well-Being in Rugby Union Players
Taylor, R., Myers, T. D., Sanders, D., et al. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11135926 · Cited by 9
“To avoid recent concerns about misinterpretation of p-values [23] Bayesian analysis was used.”
MethodTemperature and trading behaviours
Liu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., & Liu, J. (2021) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101890 · Cited by 9
Leite, P. H. A. D. C., Coelho, L. E., Cardoso, S. W., Moreira, R. I., Veloso, V. G., Grinsztejn, B. G. J., & Luz, P. M. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07451-x · Cited by 9
“However, since there are limitations to proportional hazards hypothesis testing, we interpreted the effects as an average of risk ratios over the follow-up period [36, 69, 70].”
BackgroundRyva, B. A., Haggerty, D. K., Pacyga, D. C., James-Todd, T. M., Li, Z., Flaws, J. A., & Strakovsky, R. S. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114056 · Cited by 10
Citrome, L., Risinger, R. C., Rajachandran, L., & Robison, H. M. (2022) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02274-3 · Cited by 9
“, P value) is insufficient as the sole basis for clinical decision-making because it provides no information about the size of treatment effects [7].”
BackgroundResearch Note: Treatment effect moderators
Hancock, M. J., & Kent, P. M. (2022) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2022.08.006 · Cited by 10
Field Testing Anti-Speeding Messages
Glendon, A. I., & Lewis, I. M. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.10.022 · Cited by 11
Lozano‐Fuentes, S., Pritts, K., Duguma, D., Fredregill, C., & Connelly, C. R. (2022) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010907 · Cited by 10
“Non-overlapping CIs were considered statistically different with a 95% probability [28].”
BackgroundShrestha, R., Leinonen, J., Zavgorodniaia, A., Hellas, A., & Edwards, J. (2022) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training (ICSE-SEET) · doi:10.1145/3510456.3514146 · Cited by 10
Exceedance probability analysis: a practical and effective alternative to t-tests
Huang, H. (2022) · Journal of Probability and Statistical Science · doi:10.37119/jpss2022.v20i1.513 · Cited by 9
Javidfar, J., Zaaqoq, A. M., Labib, A., et al. (2023) · Perfusion · doi:10.1177/02676591231156487 · Cited by 9
“The cumulative frequency models were fitted using the “cmprsk” package.(22) All the R code used in the analysis is available online.”
MethodRipamonti, E. (2023) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12635 · Cited by 12
Keeping older people mobile: Autonomous transport services in rural areas
Gößling, S., Freytag, T., Humpe, A., & Scuttari, A. (2023) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100778 · Cited by 23
The Impact of the Early COVID-19 Pandemic on Registered Nurses’ Intent to Stay in Nursing
Yu, G., Kovner, C. T., Glassman, K. S., Devanter, N. L. V., Ridge, L. J., & Raveis, V. H. (2023) · Policy Politics & Nursing Practice · doi:10.1177/15271544231160694 · Cited by 9
“As it is becoming more common in the sciences to not pick a specific significance number as being meaningful (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we are reporting the exact level of significance for each variable.”
BackgroundCoastal acidification alters estuarine sediment nitrous oxide and methane fluxes
Mazur, C. I., & Fulweiler, R. W. (2023) · Limnology and Oceanography Letters · doi:10.1002/lol2.10334 · Cited by 10
Sparsity-Preserved Pareto Optimization for Subset Selection
Zhang, L., Sun, X., Yang, H.-P., & Cheng, F. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation · doi:10.1109/tevc.2023.3281456 · Cited by 9
“Besides, we provide the Friedman test [50] with Posthoc-analysis, due to the fact that it is a good statistical analysis for comparing more than one algorithm.”
MethodThe 10 “Cardinal Sins” in the Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis: A Bayesian Approach
Koninckx, P. R., Ussia, A., Gordts, S., Keckstein, J., Sarıdoğan, E., Malzoni, M., Stepanian, A. A., Setúbal, A., Adamyan, L. V., & Wattiez, A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12134547 · Cited by 11
“Awareness of this problem is still limited, despite the statement of the American Statistical Association [21] in 2016 and the indirect Bayesian conclusions that the majority of published data in medicine must be wrong [22,23].”
BackgroundSpatiotemporal Distribution of Salmonella enterica in European Hedgehogs in Northern Italy
Carrera, M., Tolini, C., Trogu, T., Boscarino, A., Tranquillo, V., Munari, M., Callegari, E., Tartari, D., Moreno, A. M., & Rubini, S. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12070946 · Cited by 10
“In addition, the significant/non-significant dichotomy based on a predetermined p-value cut-off for the interpretation of results is under reconsideration by the biomedical scientific community, as also expressed by the American Statistical Association (ASA), which has cautioned the use and interpretation of the p-val…”
BackgroundStang, A., & Rothman, K. J. (2023) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-023-01047-8 · Cited by 9
“[26].”
Maghami, N. G., Helfenstein, F., Manegold‐Brauer, G., & Bencaiova, G. A. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-06103-5 · Cited by 11
“This practice is incorrect and leads to spurious conclusions [38].”
BackgroundPotočár, L., Mladá, K., Kučera, M., Mohr, P., Winkler, P., & Formánek, T. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115641 · Cited by 10
“Reflecting the statement from the American Statistical Association on p -values (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), we refrained from conducting null hypothesis significance tests.”
MethodFairness Hacking: The Malicious Practice of Shrouding Unfairness in Algorithms
Meding, K., & Hagendorff, T. (2024) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-023-00679-8 · Cited by 13
“Choosing p-values for confidence intervals then needs critical thinking in advance (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Hopkins, T., & Popovic, G. C. (2024) · Current Issues in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/10345329.2024.2326709 · Cited by 11
“A p -value is a number between 0 and 1 that summarises the incompatibility between a particular set of data and the null hypothesis if the underlying assumptions in our proposed model for the data hold true (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Rovetta, A., & Mansournia, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.24.250 · Cited by 9
“…costs, risks, and benefits in the hypothesis selection, (2) utilize inter - val hypotheses as opposed to point hypotheses (e.g., the in - terval [-3, 3] instead of the null hypothesis of zero effect), and (3) evaluate the incompatibility of the outcome with various interval hypotheses of interest.”
Rodriguez, Y., Althouse, A. D., ADELSTEIN, E. C., Jain, S. K., Mendenhall, G. S., Saba, S., Shalaby, A. A., Voigt, A., & Wang, N. C. (2016) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.12981 · Cited by 9
No evidence amalgamation without evidence measurement
Vieland, V. J., & Chang, H. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1666-7 · Cited by 9
“In fact, the statistical literature tends to support the idea that the p value per se, or taken on its own, is not a measure of evidence, but that it can be interpreted as a measure of evidence if one is careful to take various aspects of context into consideration (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundBayesian methods in clinical trials with applications to medical devices
Campbell, G. (2017) · Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods · doi:10.29220/csam.2017.24.6.561 · Cited by 10
“The American Statistical Association (ASA) recently issued a statement on statistical significance and p-values (Wasserman and Lazar, 2016) and a number of Bayesians have heartily joined the discussion.”
BackgroundHeino, M. T. J., Knittle, K. P., Haukkala, A., Vasankari, T. J., & Hankonen, N. E. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6121-2 · Cited by 5
Badenes‐Ribera, L., Navarro, M. D. F., Iotti, N. O., Campos, A. B., & Longobardi, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00996 · Cited by 9
“, 2018), the American Educational Research Association (2006), the American Statistician Association (ASA) (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), the Open Science Collaboration (2015), the new statistic approach (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialComplexity in hydroecological modelling: A comparison of stepwise selection and information theory
Visser‐Quinn, A., Beevers, L. C., & Patidar, S. (2018) · River Research and Applications · doi:10.1002/rra.3328 · Cited by 9
Sperm is a sexual ornament in rose bitterling
Smith, C., Spence, R., & Reichard, M. (2018) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.13357 · Cited by 9
Lakke, S. E., Foijer, M., Dehner, L. R., Krijnen, W. P., & Hobbelen, H. J. S. M. (2018) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2018.09.020 · Cited by 11
Time to restrict the use of p-values in Acta Orthopaedica
Ranstam, J. (2018) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453674.2018.1536526 · Cited by 9
“…Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) DOI 10.1080/17453674.2018.1536526 Several scientific journals have banned p-values, not because p-values are bad when used correctly, but because they are notoriously misused (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialRelationship of HIV Status and Fatigue, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Myokines, and Physical Activity
Webel, A. R., Jenkins, T. L., Longenecker, C. T., Vest, M., Davey, C. H., Currie, J., Darrah, R. J., Litman, P., Oliveira, V. H. F., & Josephson, R. (2019) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1097/jnc.0000000000000022 · Cited by 10
“This decision was consistent with the 2016 American Statistical Association Statement on Statistical Significance and p values, with an emphasis on cautiously interpreting findings within the overall context (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Alterman, T., Tsai, R., Ju, J., & Kelly, K. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16020230 · Cited by 11
The influence of different kinds of music on brainwave signals
Tai, S. K., & Lin, Y. K. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing (ICAM) · doi:10.1109/amcon.2018.8614971 · Cited by 9
p -Values, Bayes Factors, and Sufficiency
Rougier, J. (2019) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1502684 · Cited by 9
“This is a brief contribution to the ongoing discussion about the evidential import of a small p-value (see, e.g., Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundRudolph, M. E., McArthur, M. A., Magder, L. S., Barnes, R. S., Chen, W. H., & Sztein, M. B. (2019) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxz011 · Cited by 9
ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE FOR VERY LARGE LINEAR MIXED EFFECTS MODELS
Gao, K., & Owen, A. B. (2018) · Statistica Sinica · doi:10.5705/ss.202018.0029 · Cited by 13
“This problem was clearly presented by Ioannidis (2005) among others, and it has lead to the American Statistical Association releasing a statement on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundKermarrec, G., Paffenholz, J., & Alkhatib, H. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19173640 · Cited by 9
Knowing the Signs: A Direct and Generalizable Motivation of Two-Sided Tests
Rice, K. M., Bonnett, T., & Krakauer, C. A. (2019) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12496 · Cited by 9
“As the recent American Statistical Association statement on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016) made clear, statistical testing remains a controversial area among statisticians that is widely misunderstood by analysts applying it and by the wider audience reading scientific reports and papers.”
BackgroundRajaei, A., Jafari, M., & Ghani, K. (2020) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry · doi:10.1007/s10973-019-09246-w · Cited by 9
“The probability value, P value, refers to the probability that, the absolute value would be greater than or equal to the actual observed results [33].”
ResultSelva-Sevilla, C., Conde‐Montero, E., & Gerónimo‐Pardo, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113823 · Cited by 9
Doni, E. (2020) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-020-01071-3 · Cited by 8
Role of time-normalized laboratory findings in predicting COVID-19 outcome
Ferrari, D., Seveso, A., Sabetta, E., et al. (2020) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2020-0095 · Cited by 9
Tendera, A., Wells, R., Belyk, M., Varyvoda, D., Boliek, C., & Beal, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105800 · Cited by 8
Justifying method choice: a heuristic-instrumentalist account of scientific methodology
Grüne‐Yanoff, T. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02962-z · Cited by 9
“Examples of scientific methods that Wimsatt explicitly identifies as heuristics include holding environmental variables constant in experiments and simplifying representations of environmental factors in modeling (Wimsatt 2007, p. 83).”
BackgroundInfluentialTidal Influence on Seismic Activity During the 2011–2013 El Hierro Volcanic Unrest
Miguelsanz, L., González, P. J., Tiampo, K. F., et al. (2020) · Tectonics · doi:10.1029/2020tc006201 · Cited by 9
“In addition, the American Statistical Association expresses concern regarding the hypothesis testing based on p-values, stating that these practices are prone to generate false positives (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundPitcher, B. W., Kent, A. J. R., & Grunder, A. L. (2021) · Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research · doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107193 · Cited by 9
Statistical Inference in Abstracts Published in Cardiovascular Journals
Stang, A., Deckert, M., & Stolpe, S. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.031 · Cited by 9
Ice in biomolecular cryocrystallography
Moreau, D., Atakişi, H., & Thorne, R. E. (2021) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology · doi:10.1107/s2059798321001170 · Cited by 9
“While this may seem high, it is typical of p-values (Colquhoun, 2014). p-values are frequently misinterpreted and misused (Ioannidis, 2019; Nuzzo, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundPredicting compaction properties of soils at different compaction efforts
Matteo, L. D., & Spagnoli, G. (2021) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering · doi:10.1680/jgeen.21.00017 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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