The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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BackgroundInfluentialEthical Considerations in Research
Recker, J. (2021) · Progress in IS · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85436-2_7 · Cited by 7
Fernández-González, E., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Suescun-Elizalde, D., Basterra-Gortari, F. J., Santiago, S., & Gea, A. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452200157x · Cited by 7
“based on the CI and not only on the P-value(55,56), results of this study suggest that further studies should jointly consider the quality and the quantity of dietary carbohydrates, as the quality might be of importance, in particular in women with a higher intake of carbohydrates.”
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, J., Ge, C., Shi, Y., & Hu, Z. (2022) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001794 · Cited by 7
Chen, Z., Huang, L., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Xie, P., Liu, B., Zhang, L., Chen, R., Dong, J., & Rong, L. (2022) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.07.067 · Cited by 7
Courtenay, L. A., Barbero-García, I., Aramendi, J., González‐Aguilera, D., Rodríguez‐Martín, M., Rodríguez‐Gonzálvez, P., Cañueto, J., & Román‐Curto, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154392 · Cited by 8
“In accordance with the most recent recommendations set forth by the American Statistician [42,43], p -values were evaluated by accompanying calculations of the probability of observations being a Type I statistical error, or the False Positive Risk (FPR) [44].”
Effect of Behavioral Precaution on Braking Operation of Elderly Drivers under Cognitive Workloads
Kajiwara, Y., & Murata, E. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22155741 · Cited by 8
“However, it has been pointed out that the significance level is not an absolute indicator [25].”
BackgroundThe p-Value and Statistical Significance Testing
Hirschauer, N., Grüner, S., & Mußhoff, O. (2022) · SpringerBriefs in applied statistics and econometrics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99091-6_6 · Cited by 9
What possibly affects nighttime heart rate? Conclusions from N-of-1 observational data
Matias, I., Daza, E. J., & Wac, K. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221120725 · Cited by 7
Qu, S., Zhang, W., & You, C. (2022) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117939 · Cited by 7
How do airlines react to slot displacements? Evidence from a major airport
Pouget, L., Ribeiro, N. A., Odoni, A. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102300 · Cited by 7
Albar, Z., & Sattar, A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12101319 · Cited by 8
“Instead, we applied the American statistical association’s guideline on the p-value [31].”
MethodThe Dead Ends of Sociogenomics
Robette, N., & Reeve, P. (2022) · Population (English Edition) · doi:10.3917/popu.2202.0191 · Cited by 7
Arias‐Vergara, T., Batliner, A. M., Rader, T., Polterauer, D., Högerle, C., Müller, J., Orozco‐Arroyave, J. R., Nöth, E., & Schuster, M. E. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00116 · Cited by 8
“Null hypothesis testing with p values as a decisive criterion has been repeatedly criticized (see the statement by the American Statistical Association; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Bayesian Network analysis of software logs for data‐driven software maintenance
del Rey, S., Martínez‐Fernández, S., & Salmerón, A. (2023) · IET Software · doi:10.1049/sfw2.12121 · Cited by 9
Gender Stereotypes Selectively Affect the Remembering of Highly Valued Professions
Tirado, A. S., Esbrí, S. F., Forn, C., & Sanchis‐Segura, C. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01355-z · Cited by 8
“Moreover, following current recommendations (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), analyses were not restricted to statistical significance testing and gave equal importance to effect size estimation.”
MethodChe, W., Chang, P., & Wang, W. (2023) · Shock and Vibration · doi:10.1155/2023/8851565 · Cited by 7
Pacyga, D. C., Haggerty, D. K., Gennings, C., Schantz, S. L., & Strakovsky, R. S. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.020 · Cited by 9
Herpes simplex virus type 1 in periapical pathoses: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Arduino, P. G., Alovisi, M., & Petti, S. (2023) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.14645 · Cited by 7
Hughes, R. M., Karr, J. R., Vadas, R. L., DellaSala, D. A., Callisto, M., Feio, M. J., Ferreira, T., Kleynhans, N., Ruaro, R., Yoder, C. O., et al. (2023) · Water Biology and Security · doi:10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100191 · Cited by 8
Ávila, P., Berruezo, A., Jiménez‐Candil, J., et al. (2023) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euad181 · Cited by 7
Novel participant-level meta-analytic evidence for AbSANT efficacy
Sandberg, C. W., Khorassani, H., Gray, T., & Dickey, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2023.1017389 · Cited by 7
Woodside, A. G., Bernal, P. M., Garraza, T. S., & Miguel, P. S. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2023.2244467 · Cited by 7
“Given senior managers’ desire for point estimates (i.e., a number) for performance and the abundant criticisms on the use of NHST (Meehl, 1978, Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, Woodside, 2017) and the reporting of only statistical significance (e.g., p < 0.05) of directional symmetrical relationships –…”
BackgroundInfluentialDias, A. C., Jácomo, R. H., Nery, L. F. A., & Naves, L. A. (2023) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117688 · Cited by 6
(2022) · Journal of System and Management Sciences · doi:10.33168/jsms.2022.0301 · Cited by 7
Critical Values Robust to P-Hacking
McCloskey, A., & Michaillat, P. (2024) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01456 · Cited by 11
“P-hacking occurs when scientists engage in various behaviors that increase their chances of reporting statistically significant results (Simonsohn, Nelson, & Simmons, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundEvidence-Based Certification of Quantum Dimensions
Teo, Y. S., Shringarpure, S. U., Jeong, H., Prasannan, N., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., Evans, M. J., Mogilevtsev, D. S., & Sánchez-Soto, L. L. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.050204 · Cited by 7
“This is unlike the p -value, for instance, that not only lacks the ability to find evidence in favor of any hypothesis (it can only make a case against some hypothesis), but is also, in general, an invalid measure of evidence in statistics [53, 69, 70].”
BackgroundNicholson, J., & McCusker, S. (2016) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.3985 · Cited by 7
Goesling, B. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303334 · Cited by 7
Probabilistic evaluation of competing climate models
Braverman, A., Chatterjee, S., Heyman, M., & Cressie, N. (2017) · Advances in statistical climatology, meteorology and oceanography · doi:10.5194/ascmo-3-93-2017 · Cited by 7
“A small p-value indicates incompatibility of the data with the null80 hypothesis (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016); in our case it indicates incompatibility of the climate81 model output with the observations.82 Central to our approach is that climate signals are quantified in a spectral decomposition…”
BackgroundMethodDensity ratio model for multivariate outcomes
Marchese, S., & Diao, G. (2016) · Journal of Multivariate Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jmva.2016.11.008 · Cited by 7
Real-Time Performance Feedback in a Manually-Controlled Spacecraft Inspection Task
Karasinski, J. A., Robinson, S. K., Handley, P. M., et al. (2017) · AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference · doi:10.2514/6.2017-1314 · Cited by 7
Zhang, B., Novitskaya, T., Wheeler, D. G., Xu, Z., Chepurko, E., Huttinger, R. M., He, H., Varadharaj, S., Zweier, J. L., Song, Y., et al. (2017) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003523 · Cited by 7
“However, in accordance with the recent American Statistical Association statement on statistical significance and P values, we provide P values so the readers can judge the significance of the reported effects.(24)”
Kuchnia, A. J., Conlon, B. A., & Greenberg, N. A. (2017) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533617722164 · Cited by 7
Protective Behavioral Strategies and Alcohol Consumption: Are All Strategies Equal?
Blanchard, B. E., Stevens, A. K., & Littlefield, A. K. (2017) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2017.1387034 · Cited by 8
“Exact p-values are reported in line with efforts to move away from a “post p 0.05 era” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodInfluentialTesting the rationality of expectations of qualitative outcomes
Madeira, C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2625 · Cited by 7
The Use of Statistical and Substantive Significance in the Czech Social Sciences
Soukup, P. (2019) · Czech Sociological Review · doi:10.13060/00380288.2019.55.2.459 · Cited by 7
Talvio, M., Hietajärvi, L., Matischek-Jauk, M., & Lonka, K. (2019) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v17i48.2166 · Cited by 9
“…in study design, as well as to reduce the possibility of type I errors, we applied a more conservative approach in evaluating statistical significance, as p values near the traditional threshold offer only weak evidence against the null hypothesis (Benjamin et al., 2018; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Cready, W. M. (2019) · Significance · doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2019.01297.x · Cited by 7
Abarca-Álvarez, F. J., Campos-Sánchez, F. S., & Mora‐Esteban, R. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21090916 · Cited by 7
Bayesian Methods in Regulatory Science
Rosner, G. L. (2019) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2019.1668843 · Cited by 7
“(We note that this practice may be changing in response to the American Statistical Association’s Statement on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundEmotions Extracted from Text vs. True Emotions–An Empirical Evaluation in SE Context
Wang, Y. (2019) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) · doi:10.1109/ase.2019.00031 · Cited by 9
“We follow the American Statistical Association’s principles to interpret the statistical results [80].”
MethodNishihama, Y., Tatsuta, N., Iwai‐Shimada, M., Nakai, K., Arima, T., Fujiwara, I., Yaegashi, N., Takeuchi, A., & Nakayama, S. F. (2020) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.01.005 · Cited by 8
P-Values on Trial: Selective Reporting of (Best Practice Guides Against) Selective Reporting
Mayo, D. G. (2020) · Harvard Data Science Review · doi:10.1162/99608f92.e2473f6a · Cited by 10
A proposal and evaluation of new timbre visualization methods for audio sample browsers
Richan, E., & Rouat, J. (2020) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-020-01388-1 · Cited by 7
“We interpret P-values under 0.05 as strong evidence that the difference between means is significant (not due to chance) [56].”
MethodInfluentialGuzmán-Tordecilla, D. N., Vecino-Ortiz, A. I., Lucumí, D., & Mentz, G. B. (2020) · Biomédica · doi:10.7705/biomedica.4780 · Cited by 10
“Los niveles de significación se determinaron a partir de un valor de p menor o igual a 0,1 dadas las características de medición de las variables de interés y el tamaño de la muestra (57).”
BackgroundBerntzen, L. E. (2020) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v8i3.2919 · Cited by 7
“In my analysis, I try to steer clear of the standard pitfalls, such as using p 0.05 as a clear line distinguishing between significance and non-significance (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodInfluentialA new algorithm for zero-modified models applied to citation counts
Shahmandi, M., Wilson, P., & Thelwall, M. A. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03654-8 · Cited by 7
Fine-scale vegetation use by white-tailed deer in a forested landscape during hunting season
Henderson, C. B., Demarais, S., Street, G. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1080/13416979.2020.1814510 · Cited by 7
Dantas, M. L. L., Coelho, P., & Sánchez–Blázquez, P. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3447 · Cited by 7
An augmented capital asset pricing model using new macroeconomic determinants
Pham, C. D., & Phuoc, L. T. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05185 · Cited by 7
Bootstrap Cross-validation Improves Model Selection in Pharmacometrics
Cavenaugh, J. S. (2020) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2020.1828159 · Cited by 7
“For a good place to start, see the ASA’s statement on P-values and the papers and reviews therein [16].”
BackgroundFaulkenberry, T. J. (2021) · Biometrical Letters · doi:10.2478/bile-2021-0001 · Cited by 7
“In fact, the American Statistical Association has recently recommended against the use of p-values and significance testing for scientific inference (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
MethodThe Effect of IL-6 Inhibitors on Mortality Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Study
Sinha, P., Jafarzadeh, S. R., Assoumou, S. A., Bielick, C. G., Carpenter, B., Garg, S., Sahni, H. K., Neogi, T., Nishio, M. J., Sagar, M., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa717 · Cited by 6
“IL-6 Inhibitors and COVID-19 Mortality • jid 2021:223 (15 February) • 585 Although crossing of unity on a ratio scale may commonly be interpreted as the absence of a real effect, the American Statistical Association [43] and leading methodology experts [44, 45] strongly oppose a binary interpretation of confidence int…”
BackgroundWilliams, J., Ommen, D. M., & Hannig, J. (2023) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/22-aoas1632 · Cited by 7
“This approach is not directly comparable to the recommended LR approaches (Shafer 1982), and will likely come under scrutiny due to the movement away from sig-nificance testing for applications with “high-stakes” decisions (Wasserstein & Lazar 2016).”
MethodFotheringham, J., Latimer, N. R., Froissart, M., Kronenberg, F., Stenvinkel, P., Floege, J., Eckardt, K., & Wheeler, D. C. (2020) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaa250 · Cited by 7
Shaw, L., Diao, Y., Martin-Noble, G. C., Yan, H., Hayoz, P., Weitz, R. T., Kälblein, D., Toney, M. F., & Bao, Z. (2021) · MRS Bulletin · doi:10.1557/s43577-021-00049-9 · Cited by 7
“05 decision rule to claim that a result is “statistically significant,” which can lead to sometimes faulty inference and nonreproducible results.(28,29) As a first step in mitigating the risk of misinterpretation of the statistical analysis, we claim that 0.”
BackgroundWhat is the true worth of a P-value? Time for a change
Hadjipavlou, G., Siviter, R., & Feix, B. (2021) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.042 · Cited by 7
Description Length Guided Unified Granger Causality Analysis
Hu, Z., Li, F., Wang, X., & Lin, Q. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3051985 · Cited by 7
“It is mentioning that selecting and using the F statistical value have become very careful in current scientific research, and its statistical significance has also caused extensive discussion [41]–[44].”
BackgroundValiela, I., Lloret, J., Chenoweth, K., Elmstrom, E., & Hanacek, D. (2021) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-020-00869-z · Cited by 10
“In particular, large numbers of observations may lead to statistically “significant” values with small differences that might also be trivial or scientifically meaningless (Royall 1986, Sullivan and Feinn 2012, Nuzzo 2014, Wasserstein and Lazar 2016, Smith 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKissock, K., Lemming, E. W., Axelsson, C., Neale, E. P., & Beck, E. J. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521000453 · Cited by 8
Pepi, A. A., & Karban, R. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7197 · Cited by 6
“In general, we report all results from our analyses, whether below the p = .05 threshold or not, to avoid problems that arise from using p = .05 as a cutoff (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodPeer Instruction in Software Engineering - Findings from Fine-grained Clicker Data
Gopal, B., & Cooper, S. (2021) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3408877.3432405 · Cited by 7
Statisticians, Roll Up Your Sleeves! There's A Crisis to be Solved
Seibold, H., Charlton, A., Boulesteix, A., & Hoffmann, S. (2021) · Significance · doi:10.1111/1740-9713.01554 · Cited by 8
Null hypothesis significance testing: a short tutorial
Pernet, C. R. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.6963.2 · Cited by 7
Helman, T. J., Headrick, J. P., Peart, J. N., & Stapelberg, N. J. C. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15747 · Cited by 7
“While a dichotomisation of stress resilience is sometimes employed experimentally (segregating into responder vs. non-responder, susceptible vs. resilient), such treatment of continuous biological variables is not recommended (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundShiue, K. Y., Naumann, R. B., Proescholdbell, S., Cox, M. E., Aurelius, M. B., & Austin, A. E. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107217 · Cited by 10
Harned, M., Dhami, M., & Reger, G. M. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-023-00299-1 · Cited by 7
Bagshaw, S. M., & Wald, R. (2019) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s1441-2772(23)00524-0 · Cited by 8
Vermeulen, L., Beirendonck, S. V., Bulens, A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0591 · Cited by 7
Statistical Interactions in a Clinical Trial
Ting, N. (2017) · Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science · doi:10.1177/2168479017716491 · Cited by 7
Some recurrent problems in interpreting statistical evidence in equal employment cases
Gastwirth, J. L. (2017) · Law Probability and Risk · doi:10.1093/lpr/mgx017 · Cited by 7
Ki, Y., Kwon, S.-A., Kim, H., et al. (2019) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e261 · Cited by 7
Methodologic considerations in randomized clinical trials in reproductive medicine
Venetis, C. A., D’Hooghe, T., Barnhart, K. T., Bossuyt, P. M., & Mol, B. W. (2020) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.038 · Cited by 6
The Two Movements in Economic Thought, 1700–2000: Empty Economic Boxes Revisited
McCLOSKEY, D. N. (2018) · Man and the Economy · doi:10.1515/me-2018-0010 · Cited by 7
Efeito de Crise Econômica sobre Escolhas de Ativos para Investimentos Pessoais
Felipe, I. J. D. S., Ermel, M., Cassius, L. F. P., & Mendes‐Da‐Silva, W. (2017) · Revista de Administração Contemporânea · doi:10.1590/1982-7849rac2017160087 · Cited by 7
“Conforme Wasserstein e Lazar (2016), a discussão dos resultados ocorre mediante a consideração de um contexto econômico e social, com o fim de validar empiricamente as suposições subjacentes dos dados (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundCommentary: Is the Statistic Value All We Should Care about in Neuroimaging?Preprint
Chen, G., Taylor, P. A., & Cox, R. W. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/064212 · Cited by 11
Financial Vulnerability and Personal Finance Outcomes of Natural Disasters
Edmiston, K. D. (2017) · The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Research Working Papers · doi:10.18651/rwp2017-09 · Cited by 15
A Generalization Approach to Reproducibility ClaimsPreprint
Kenett, R. S., & Rubinstein, A. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3035070 · Cited by 7
Recognition and Disclosure of Intangible Assets - A Meta-Analysis ReviewPreprint
Jeny, A., & Moldovan, R. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3120397 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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