The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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“…Signed-Rank Test 95% confidence interval (p-value) −14.49, 10.39 (0.7019) Abbreviation: SRC, Spearman rank correlation say that the data have a low degree of incompatibility with the null hypothesis being true (concluding that there is no evidence of a difference) (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
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“Despite criticism of the exclusive use of p-values and due to the small sample size in some groups, the theoretical relevance and a difference of at least 10 percentage points were also considered to be indicative of a potential difference between groups [29].”
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“Regarding the use of p-values and the interpretation of statistical significance, the American Statistical Association issued a statement a few years ago (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodPublic beliefs about trauma and its consequences: Profiles and correlates of stigma
Clapp, J. D., Sowers, A. F., Freng, S. A., Elmi, L. M., Kaya, R. A., & Bachtel, A. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992574 · Cited by 6
“Analyses also incorporated a number of recommendations by the American Statistical Association for enhanced reporting of scientific research (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSafi, A., Khawaja, I., Collins, P., & Myers, T. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021087 · Cited by 7
“Bayesian models are highly flexible, provide direct probabilities of differences, and help avoid some misunderstandings and assumptions of traditional p-values and confidence intervals [42,43].”
BackgroundCoventry, W. L., Farraway, S., Larsen, S. A., Enis, T. P., Forbes, A. Q., & Brown, S. L. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285739 · Cited by 8
“Instead, graphs of relative effects size are proposed as an alternative [49,50], among many [51], with Fig 4 depicting this study’s attempt to answer this call.”
BackgroundEmoSense: Revealing True Emotions Through Microgestures
Fang, L., Xing, S. P., Long, Y., et al. (2023) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202300050 · Cited by 7
Acceptance of online customer channels for damage claims in Germany
Lang, F., & Riegel, L. (2023) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-023-00404-z · Cited by 7
Bond, J. C., Coleman, C. M., Yland, J. J., Wesselink, A. K., Wang, T. R., Willis, M. D., Hatch, E. E., Rothman, K. J., Savitz, D. A., Eisenberg, M. L., et al. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead249 · Cited by 7
Aljafen, B. N., Alneseyan, R. A., Muayqil, T. A., AlKhateeb, M., Aldosari, M., Alsermani, A., Alnakhli, L., Althomali, R. K., Alnami, R. E., AlQahtani, R., et al. (2024) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109782 · Cited by 8
Fitzpatrick, B. G., Gorman, D. M., & Trombatore, C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303262 · Cited by 7
Plasma proteome mediate the impact of PM2.5 on stroke: A 2-step Mendelian randomization study
Yang, H., Shi, P., Li, M., Liu, S., Mou, B., Xia, Y., & Sun, J. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116624 · Cited by 7
Schraad, F., Schwahn, C., Krey, K.-F., et al. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05796-y · Cited by 7
“…PC7 (but not PC3) are statistically significant on an alpha level of 5% after correc - tion for multiple testing by using Holm’s procedure, we pri - marily interpret effect sizes as recommended by Wasserstein and Lazar [41] and present only the plots for PC4 and PC5 with transformation grids (Fig.”
MethodBove, F., Greek, A. A., Gatiba, R., Boehm, R., & Mohnsen, M. M. (2024) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-024-01099-7 · Cited by 9
“Statistical significance testing was not used to interpret findings, following the recommendations of a wide range of researchers [29–33].”
Methodp-Hacking: Its Costs and When It Is Warranted
Erasmus, A. (2024) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-024-00834-3 · Cited by 10
“…allows researchers to obtain spurious “significant relationships between truly unrelated variables” (2014: 534), while the ASA claims that p-hacking should be avoided because leads to an “excess of statistically significant results in the published literature” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016: 132).”
Manson, J. B., Adhikari, K. N., Blake, S. N., Catt, S. C., Denton, M. D., Lake, L., Brand, J., Walker, C. K., Taylor, J., & Sadras, V. O. (2024) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109575 · Cited by 8
Salivary Physicochemical Parameters in Relation to Dental Caries and Adiposity Status
Deng, Q., Wong, H. M., & Peng, S. (2024) · International Journal of Dental Hygiene · doi:10.1111/idh.12845 · Cited by 7
Toward a Better Understanding of Statistical Significance and p Values in Nursing
Holmberg, C. (2024) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1155/2024/7263781 · Cited by 10
Yates, A., Caudron, C., Mordret, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2024jb029568 · Cited by 7
“However, we stop short of concluding the findings are statistically significant given concerns regarding the use of an arbitrary significance threshold (Di Leo & Sardanelli, 2020; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Wehden, S., Garber, H., Aichinger, M., Hempel, E., Creutzig, F., & Janda, K. B. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144534 · Cited by 8
Ferreño, D., Erickson, M., Kirk, M. T., & Sainz-Aja, J. A. (2025) · International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping · doi:10.1016/j.ijpvp.2025.105444 · Cited by 7
Mayes, B. T., Dundon, S. G., Cowley, F. C., Norman, L., Morton, J. M., & Tait, L. A. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaf034 · Cited by 7
Effect size as a measure of biological relevance for offshore wind impact studies
Methratta, E. T. (2025) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsaf022 · Cited by 8
Karmakar, B., Chakrabortty, S., Kumar, R., et al. (2025) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2025.123223 · Cited by 7
Pregnancy and physical disability: A scoping review
Kalpakjian, C. Z., Mulenga, L., McIntosh, S. M., Kreschmer, J. M., Parten, R., Haapala, H. J., Langen, E. S., Rosenblum, S. A. S., Pazhyanur, S., Carlson, S. E., et al. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251338424 · Cited by 8
“…limitation relates to the predominance of p -values reported in the reviewed studies. p -values do not convey the size of an effect or the practical significance of an effect 233 ; however, many studies reported p -values as the only statistic, if any. p -values are also sensitive to sample size.”
Woolf, B. A. R., & Burgess, S. (2025) · AJE Advances Research in Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ajeadv/uuaf003 · Cited by 7
“This is in part due to a burgeoning literature on the misinterpretation and misapplication of p-values (23).”
Hu, Z.-W., Yu, S., & Luo, J.-M. (2025) · Journal of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667251352547 · Cited by 7
Xin, L.-X., Ma, C., Zhao, Y., et al. (2025) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0267197 · Cited by 7
Pan, J., Christoforou, R., Wiedermann, L. N., & Schweiker, M. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113390 · Cited by 7
Approaching Significance: Statistical Guidance for Authors and Reviewers
Lohse, K. R., & Kliethermes, S. (2025) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000526 · Cited by 10
“31 [E.g., do not interpret P > 0.05 as “no effect” or “no difference.””
InfluentialMissing data in ecology: Syntheses, clarifications, and considerations
Dumelle, M., Trangucci, R., Nahlik, A. M., Olsen, A. R., Irvine, K. M., Blocksom, K. A., Hoef, J. M. V., & Fuentes, C. (2025) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.70037 · Cited by 10
Endometrial injury before IVF: light at the end of the tunnel or false hope?
Venetis, C. A. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa295 · Cited by 7
Gilson, L. W., & Maguire, D. A. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119525 · Cited by 7
The association between gird and overhead throwing biomechanics in cricket
Dutton, M., Tam, N., Divekar, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110658 · Cited by 7
Shanley, L., Clarke, B., Smolkowski, K., Doabler, C. T., Kurtz‐Nelson, E. C., & Fien, H. (2021) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/ldrp.12267 · Cited by 8
“The American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar et al., 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019) has strongly urged researchers to abstain from using bright-line rules for claims of “statistical significance” such as p < .05 or other metrics (e.g., effect sizes > 0.25).”
BackgroundInfluentialde Souza, A. A., Clark, C. C. T., Mota, J. A. P. S., Tassitano, R. M., Duncan, M. J., & Martins, C. (2021) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23694 · Cited by 7
“…effects), allows zero results to be determined, provides estimates of uncertainty around parameter values that are more intuitively interpretable than those from null hypothesis testing alone, and aids in the interpretation of p-values (Amrhein et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundTo “P” or not to “P”, that is the question: A narrative review on P value
Darling, H. (2021) · Cancer Research Statistics and Treatment · doi:10.4103/crst.crst_222_21 · Cited by 7
Optimal Experimental Design Based on Two-Dimensional Likelihood Profiles
Litwin, T., Timmer, J., & Kreutz, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.800856 · Cited by 8
“The aim of systems biology is to construct “useful” models (Wieland et al., 2021), i.e. models that yield biological insights.”
BackgroundPhilp, C. P., Pitchford, N. W., Fell, J. W., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263752 · Cited by 7
What factors predict perceived nativelikeness in long-term L2 users?
Lundell, F. F., Arvidsson, K., & Jemstedt, A. (2022) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/02676583221091396 · Cited by 7
“However, in line with our attempt to adhere to current ASA recommendations, this presentation of the statistics attempts to make the effects more meaningful.”
BackgroundMooi, E., Sarstedt, M., & Mooi‐Reci, I. (2017) · Springer texts in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5218-7_6 · Cited by 8
Park, H. Y., Suh, C. H., Shim, W. H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.958037 · Cited by 7
“It is known that if the sample size is large enough, even small difference in any effect can produce a small p-value (39, 40).”
BackgroundThree-Decision Methods: A Sensible Formulation of Significance Tests—and Much Else
Rice, K. M., & Krakauer, C. A. (2022) · Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application · doi:10.1146/annurev-statistics-033021-111159 · Cited by 8
Maria, M. V. D., GOLDBERG, D. J., Zak, V., et al. (2022) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.121.013676 · Cited by 7
Kamei, D., Nagano, M., Takagaki, T., Sakamoto, T., & Tsuchiya, K. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13896 · Cited by 9
Tarnow-Mordi, W. O., Robledo, K. P., Marschner, I. C., Seidler, L., Simes, J. R., Rieger, I., Osborn, D. A., Popat, H. P., Reid, S., de Waal, K., et al. (2023) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2023.151789 · Cited by 7
Smith, I. S., Bind, M., Weihs, K. L., Bei, B., & Wiley, J. F. (2023) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12679 · Cited by 9
Comparison of distortion correction preprocessing pipelines for DTI in the upper limb
Wade, R. G., Tam, W., Perumal, A., Pepple, S., Griffiths, T. T., Flather, R., Haroon, H. A., Shelley, D., Plein, S., Bourke, G., et al. (2023) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.29881 · Cited by 7
“In line with calls for the abolition of p -values, we have minimized their use and avoided the term “statistical significance”, 50,51 instead focussing on how the findings might translate to future real-world imaging scenarios.”
MethodInnovation as a Tool for Sustainable Development in Small and Medium Size Enterprises in Slovakia
Loučanová, E., Nosáľová, M., Olšiaková, M., et al. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152115393 · Cited by 7
Early Detection Cold Markers to Expedite the Sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. Hybrids) Breeding
Uchimiya, M., Reis, A. F. D. B., Lago, B. C., et al. (2023) · ACS Agricultural Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00209 · Cited by 7
Micelli, E., & Giliberto, G. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12122133 · Cited by 7
Multiple Confidence Intervals and Surprisal Intervals to Avoid Significance Fallacy
Rovetta, A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.51964 · Cited by 7
Stevenson, M., Guillén, J., Ortíz, J., Correa, J. F. R., Page, K. R., Talero, M. Á. B., López, J. J., Fernández-Niño, J. A., Núñez, R. L., Spiegel, P. B., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100669 · Cited by 14
Jia, H., Yang, J., Zhou, Z., et al. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.111094 · Cited by 7
Arnholdt‐Schmitt, B., Sircar, D., Aziz, S., Germano, T. A., Thiers, K. L. L., Noceda, C., Bharadwaj, R., Mohanapriya, G., & Costa, J. H. (2024) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens13030227 · Cited by 8
Mason, S. M., Farkas, K., Friedman, J. K., Gerlach, A. F., Johnson, S. T., Emery, R. L., Bodnar, L. M., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295825 · Cited by 7
Mosaic of local adaptation between white clover and rhizobia along an urbanization gradient
Murray‐Stoker, D., & Johnson, M. T. J. (2024) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14292 · Cited by 7
“We followed statistical best practices by focusing on estimates, variation of the estimates, and effect sizes to interpret the results and identify the strength of evidence (Berner & Amrhein, 2022 ; Gelman & Hennig, 2017; McShane et al., 2019 ; Wasserstein et al., 2019 ; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodChi Cuadrado y tablas de contingencia aplicado en SPSS
Pilamunga, B. O. C., López, M. B. C., García-Monar, K. R., & Sarango, A. F. H. (2024) · Código Científico Revista de Investigación · doi:10.55813/gaea/ccri/v5/ne3/329 · Cited by 9
Holmberg, C. (2024) · Nordic journal of nursing research · doi:10.1177/20571585241253177 · Cited by 7
Optimizing the Flow Electrooxidation of Glycerol Using Statistical Design of Experiments
Gaines, R. N., Kleimenhagen, B. A., Griebler, J. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ad537c · Cited by 7
Apkarian, N., Voigt, M., Hagman, J. E., Tremaine, R., Street, C., Martinez, A. E., & Guglielmo, J. (2024) · International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s40753-024-00242-6 · Cited by 8
“In part, this decision was based on the over-powered nature of this large dataset and from our desire to understand the student experience and systems of oppression which can be hidden by overdependence on statistical significance (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016 ; Wasserstein et al., 2019; Zuberi, 2001).”
Humann‐Guilleminot, S., Fuentes, A., Maria, A., et al. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116605 · Cited by 7
Kušnírová, D., Bubelíny, O., & Ďurišová, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16167148 · Cited by 7
A large-scale in silico replication of ecological and evolutionary studies
Yang, Y., van Zwet, E. W., Ignatiadis, N., & Nakagawa, S. (2024) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02530-5 · Cited by 7
Reporting and interpreting statistical results in veterinary medicine: Calling for change
Weng, H., & Messam, L. L. M. (2024) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.17258 · Cited by 7
Meyer, A., Marty, L., Drouin, J., Weill, A., Carbonnel, F., & Dray‐Spira, R. (2025) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2025.01.008 · Cited by 7
Tucker, J. A. L., McCarthy, S. F., Bornath, D. P. D., Cohen, T. R., Medeiros, P. J., & Hazell, T. J. (2025) · Advanced Exercise and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.aehs.2025.02.003 · Cited by 7
Dabbous, A., Barakat, K. A., & Woodside, A. G. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145647 · Cited by 7
Czortek, P., Adamowski, W., & Dyderski, M. K. (2025) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-025-03640-2 · Cited by 7
False discovery rate control for grouped hypotheses: application to miRNAome data
Laha, N., Koner, S., Labowitz, A., & Sarkar, N. D. (2026) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.21257 · Cited by 7
“In this context, the magnitude of the Ct value serves as the effect size, as it measures the strength of differential expression between tumor and control tissues ( Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016 ).”
Ritter, S. M., Hoffman, C. M., Ex, S. A., & Stewart, J. E. (2017) · Botany · doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0255 · Cited by 6
Zeiger, E. (2017) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.03.002 · Cited by 7
Observation oriented modeling revised from a statistical point of view
Sauer, S. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0949-8 · Cited by 8
“The American Statistical Association published a statement expressing the view that the p -value as a single number is often “misused”, but “can be a useful statistical measure” (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016, p. 131).”
BackgroundCase study using analysis of variance to determine groups’ variations
Ardelean, F. A. (2017) · MATEC Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/matecconf/201712604008 · Cited by 7
Pourquoi les statistiques sont-elles difficiles à enseigner et à comprendre? Quelques réflexions
Cousineau, D., & Harding, B. (2017) · Revue de psychoéducation · doi:10.7202/1042257ar · Cited by 7
Statistics in ophthalmology revisited: the (effect) size matters
Grzybowski, A. E., & Mianowany, M. (2018) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.13756 · Cited by 7
Ripamonti, E., & Lloyd, C. J. (2019) · Pharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1002/pst.1929 · Cited by 7
Cupertino, A. P., Cartujano‐Barrera, F., Colugnati, F. A. B., Formagini, T. D. B., Galil, A. G. D. S., Banhato, E. F. C., Ferreira, M. A., & Richter, K. P. (2020) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2019-100063 · Cited by 7
Chen, C. H., Chou, W., Chen, J., Chang, W., Hsieh, C., Wen, F., & Tang, S. T. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.01.012 · Cited by 7
Moving beyond significance testing: Confidence intervals in clinical research
VISINTAINER, P. F. (2020) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.01.120 · Cited by 7
Hanley, J. P., Rizzo, D. M., Stevens, L., Cahan, S. H., Dorn, P. L., Morrissey, L. A., Rodas, A. G., Orantes, L. C., & Monroy, C. (2020) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0733 · Cited by 6
Rothman Responds to “Surprise!”
Rothman, K. J. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa137 · Cited by 7
Die ultraschallgesteuerte periphere Venenpunktion bei schlechtem Venenstatus
Kaiser, P., Ghamari, S., Gräff, I., Ellerkmann, R. K., Weber, S., Hoeft, A., & Kim, S.-C. (2020) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-020-00813-7 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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