The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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“In 2014, during an ASA discussion forum, there was much self-blame dialogue [1].”
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Betsinger, T. K., Smith, M. O., Thorson, L. J. H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.033 · Cited by 3
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“The availability of original data in this way would allow others to use additional analyses that are useful in replication studies, such as confidence, credibility or prediction intervals, Bayesian methods or false-discovery rates (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
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“Exploration of the sham data For now let us set aside concerns about summarizing experimental results by discretizing p-values, an approach that has been increasingly contested in recent years (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), and instead focus on the question of what should be done with the data from the sham experiment…”
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“Following the suggestion of the American Statistical Association on the use and misuse of p‐values, we state all p‐values as exact except for those values less that p .0001 (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
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“The decision by Basic and Applied Social Psychology in 2005 to ban the use of P-values in articles appearing in the journal, prompted the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016) to publish a policy statement on the use of P-values in research publication.”
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“As this example illustrates, what p-values then really tell us is how likely our data are, assuming that our H0 (Bristol not having the skills to tell the difference between the two tea preparation methods) is true (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
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BackgroundEarly dissociation of numbers and letters in the human brain
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“…papers have suggested that the standard statistical practice cannot grant conclusions about the experimental question under debate (Button et al. 2013; Gelman & Carlin, 2014; Greenland et al. 2016; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Benjamin et al. 2018; Lakens et al. 2018; Sassenhagen & Draschkow, 2019).”
BackgroundThe P-value crisis and the issue of causality
Yazıcı, H. (2020) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa152 · Cited by 3
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Prussia, A. J., Hill, J., Cornwell, C. R., et al. (2020) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104682 · Cited by 3
“Note, the use of the goodness-of-fit p-values in this study is to indicate if the data are incompatible with statistical models, in agreement with principle 1 of the American Statistical Association’s statement on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
MethodKrishna, R., Mu, N., & Keutzer, K. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing · doi:10.1145/3392047 · Cited by 3
“In this regard, we have followed the recent guidelines of the American Statistical Association [64].”
MethodRim, C. H., Shin, I., Lee, H. Y., Yoon, W. S., & Park, S. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12082125 · Cited by 4
“However, as stated by the American Statistical Association, binary decisions solely depend on a predefined p-value that might cause serious misinterpretation [46].”
BackgroundThe Epistemological (Not Reproducibility) Crisis
Park, J. H. (2020) · Advances in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.adro.2020.07.019 · Cited by 3
Panthamit, N., & Chaiboonsri, C. (2020) · The Singapore Economic Review · doi:10.1142/s0217590820430080 · Cited by 3
Lucchina, S., D’Ambrosio, A., Fusetti, C., et al. (2020) · Hand · doi:10.1177/1558944720963894 · Cited by 3
“5-66) Median: 43 (38-55) Side 14 (67%) Left 7 (58%) 7 (77%) 7 (33%) Right 5 (42%) 2 (23%) Thumb 3 (14%) 1 (8%) 2 (22%) Index 4 (19%) 2 (17%) 2 (22%) Middle 3 (14%) 0 (0%) 3 (33%) Ring 8 (38%) 7 (58%) 1 (11%) Little 3 (14%) 1 (11%) 1 (11%)”
Freedman’s Paradox: A Solution Based on Normalized Entropy
Macedo, P. (2020) · Contributions to statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56219-9_16 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of passenger comfort with road field test multi-axis vibration
Chen, Z., Liang, Y., Xu, T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Vibroengineering · doi:10.21595/jve.2020.21578 · Cited by 3
“Wasserstein and Lazar [39], on behalf of the American Statistical Association (ASA), stated that traditional thresholds for p-values are empirical and should not be 0 1 2 3 4”
BackgroundHeikkinen, R., Waller, B., Munukka, M., Multanen, J., Heinonen, A. O., & Karvanen, J. (2021) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24553 · Cited by 3
“” A more important question not answered by P values (7) is, “What is the probability that each”
BackgroundAnikin, I. V., & Alnajjar, K. (2021) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67892-0_27 · Cited by 3
Grützmann (2022) · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.003 · Cited by 3
“Given the difficulties associated with null hypothesis significance testing, p values, and power when conducting secondary data analyses from clinical trials (27,28), a Bayesian approach to parameter estimation was used for all regression models.”
‘No Effect’ Conclusions in Studies Reporting Nonsignificant Results Are Potentially Incorrect
Uimonen, M., Ponkilainen, V., Raittio, L., & Reito, A. R. (2021) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.08.036 · Cited by 3
Tracy, E. M., Billingsley, J., Pollack, J. M., Barber, D., Beorchia, A. M., Carr, J. C., Gonzalez, G., Harris, M. L., Michaelis, T. L., Morrow, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00287 · Cited by 3
Trohl, U., Wagner, K., Kalfa, V., Negash, S., Wienke, A., & Führer, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211850 · Cited by 3
“Since this study followed an exploratory approach, we followed established guidelines [21,22] and did not conduct significance tests for differences between subgroups.”
MethodMiller, D. S. (2021) · Journal of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/00224294211060457 · Cited by 3
“The American Statistical Association released a statement summarizing decades of concerns regarding p-values and their use (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) and The American Statistician recently published a special issue dedicated to responsible reporting and interpretation of p-values (Wasserstein et…”
MethodDensity strips: visualisation of uncertainty in clinical data summaries and research findings
Weir, C. J., & BOWMAN, A. W. (2021) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111746 · Cited by 3
Kelter, R. (2021) · Statistics in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12561-021-09326-2 · Cited by 5
“The misuse and drawbacks of p values in medical research have been detailed in a variety of papers, including an official ASA statement in 2016 [38].”
BackgroundLim, S.-W., Kim, M., Hong, M., et al. (2022) · The Korean Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.4041/kjod.2022.52.1.66 · Cited by 3
“On the other hand, 2J-OGS enables correction of the torque of the maxillary incisor as well as sagittally flat or transversely canted OP by a single operation.(28,29) However, this is not only more invasive and technically difficult, but also incurs a higher cost than 1J-OGS.”
MethodBéland-Millar, A., & Messier, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.732242 · Cited by 4
“A conclusion does not immediately become “true” on one side of the divide and “false” on the other” (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundTang, F., Befort, C. A., Wick, J., et al. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01499-0 · Cited by 3
On young Turks and yes men: optimal contracting for advice
Häfner, S., & Taylor, C. R. (2022) · The Rand Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/1756-2171.12400 · Cited by 4
COVID-19, Violent Crime, and Domestic Violence: An Exploratory Analysis
Lersch, K. M., & Hart, T. C. (2022) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-022-00049-y · Cited by 3
“Finally, the ASA encourages authors to avoid the conventional use of using only the p < 0.05 approach to identifying “statistical significance” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodInfluentialDoyle, N., McDowall, A., Randall, R., & Knight, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265312 · Cited by 8
“The MI score comparison may mitigate, but it does not negate the need for sample size consideration in field studies, or overcome consideration of alternative methods using a balance of effect size calculations or a Bayesian approach [1, 35].”
Don’t Be Fooled by Randomness: Valid p-Values for Single Molecule Microscopy
Schneider, M. C., & Schütz, G. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioinformatics · doi:10.3389/fbinf.2022.811053 · Cited by 3
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement addressing several misconceptions about the p-value (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundNeural Processing of Health Information and Hypertension Self-Management in African Americans
Still, C. H., Jack, A. I., Wright, K. D., Sattar, A., & Moore, S. M. (2022) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000592 · Cited by 3
Miyachi, Y., Kaido, T., Hirata, M., et al. (2022) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-022-06544-7 · Cited by 3
“According to the previous recommendation of the American Statistical Association [24], we avoided describing P\0.05 as ‘‘statistically significant’’; instead, we described the P values as continuous quantities in the text, figures, and tables.”
MethodInfluentialCastelnuovo, A. F. D., & Iacoviello, L. (2022) · Bleeding Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.4081/btvb.2022.30 · Cited by 3
Trends in payments among male and female ophthalmologists in Ontario from 1992 to 2018
Buys, Y. M., Cañizares, M., Felfeli, T., & Jin, Y.-P. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2021.07.011 · Cited by 3
Vos, P. D., & Wu, Q. (2018) · Handbook of statistics · doi:10.1016/bs.host.2018.06.003 · Cited by 3
Brown, R., Pascoe, L., Treyvaud, K., McMahon, G., Nguyen, T., Ellis, R., Stedall, P. M., Haebich, K. M., Collins, S. E., Cheong, J. L. Y., et al. (2022) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2022.2075334 · Cited by 3
“We did not correct for multiple testing but acknowledge the multiple comparisons presented and have interpreted our findings by focusing on overall patterns and magnitude of differences, rather than only focusing on individual p-values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodMoga, A. M., Twells, L., & Mayo, N. E. (2022) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-022-03156-5 · Cited by 4
George, B. J., & León, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education · doi:10.1080/26939169.2022.2046522 · Cited by 3
“The notable exception was the week on statistical inference, where the students were asked to discuss their thoughts on the use of statistical significance after reading the American Statistical Association’s statements on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Wasserstein, Schirm, and Lazar 2019).”
BackgroundBabić, P., Filipović, N., Hamzić, L. F., Puljak, L., Vukojević, K., & Benzon, B. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13061053 · Cited by 1
“In addition, p-values were interpreted according to ASA Statement on Statistical Significance and p-values [30].”
MethodHennig, C. M. (2022) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13987 · Cited by 3
“They are largely in line with the 2016 ASA (American Statistical Association) Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016): p-values do not indicate the probability that the null hypothesis is true; an insignificant p-value does not mean the null hypothesis is…”
ResultEsbrí, S. F., Tirado, A. S., Sanchís-Segura, C., & Forn, C. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104182 · Cited by 4
Probability, P values, and statistical significance: instructions for use by surgeons
Fingerhut, A. L. (2022) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1093/bjs/znac440 · Cited by 3
An empirical study on management accountants’ roles and role perceptions: A German perspective
Rieg, R., Ulrich, P., & Finckh, C. (2022) · Corporate Ownership and Control · doi:10.22495/cocv20i1art3 · Cited by 3
“Avoiding NHST is also recommended by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHow to Increase the Visibility of Statisticians in the Modern World of Dataism?
Sepúlveda, N. (2022) · Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12766-3_1 · Cited by 2
Andersen, L. P., Biering, K., & Conway, P. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043358 · Cited by 3
“We report non-statistical associations because recent recommendations encourage researchers not to draw conclusions based solely on statistical significance but rather to consider the size and direction of the estimates [59] since the non-significant results could be due to a possible type 2 error.”
BackgroundObonyo, D., Uslar, V., Munding, J. B., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281921 · Cited by 3
Puwardi, S. F., & Soelaiman, L. (2023) · Jurnal Manajerial Dan Kewirausahaan · doi:10.24912/jmk.v5i2.23417 · Cited by 3
Santos, G., dos Santos, M. A., Farrington, D. P., da Agra, C., Castro, J., & Cardoso, C. S. D. F. L. P. (2023) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x231172645 · Cited by 4
Digitalisierung in der Rinderpraxis – Ergebnisse einer Online-Umfrage in Österreich
Pospischil, C., Palluch, A., Iwersen, M., & Drillich, M. (2023) · Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G Großtiere / Nutztiere · doi:10.1055/a-2050-4123 · Cited by 3
“Somit sollte vermieden werden, dass bestehende Unterschiede nicht entdeckt oder vermeintliche Unterschiede überinterpretiert werden [15, 16].”
BackgroundSatterthwaite, W. H. (2023) · Fisheries Research · doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2023.106763 · Cited by 3
MAIER, M.-I., Czibula, G., & DELEAN, L.-R. (2023) · Studies in Informatics and Control · doi:10.24846/v32i2y202307 · Cited by 3
The evolution of scientific literature as metastable knowledge states
Koneru, S., McCauley, D. R., Smith, M. C., Guarrera, D., Robinson, J., & Rajtmajer, S. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287226 · Cited by 3
Evans, C., Cipolli, W., Draper, Z. A., & Binfet, J.-T. (2023) · Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education · doi:10.1080/26939169.2023.2238018 · Cited by 3
“TEACHING TIP: Reading the American Statistical Association’s statement on p -values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) can help demonstrate the importance of context when significance testing.”
BackgroundHighlighting anomalies in ultrasonic scan data by Shannon Information processing
Lesage, J., Marvasti, M., & Farla, O. (2023) · NDT & E International · doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2023.102932 · Cited by 3
“Consider a random variable, P0 representing the one tailed p-value under the null hypothesis, then P0 ∼ Unif(0,1) [31].”
BackgroundPreconception contraceptive use and miscarriage: prospective cohort study
Yland, J. J., Wesselink, A. K., Hernández–Dı́az, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000569 · Cited by 3
Kalinčík, T., Roos, I., Sharmin, S., & Malpas, C. B. (2023) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-330038 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Udenafil on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in Adolescents With the Fontan Circulation
Edelson, J. B., Zak, V., Goldberg, D., Fleming, G., Mackie, A. S., Patel, J. K., Files, M. D., Downing, T. E., Richmond, M. E., Acheampong, B., et al. (2023) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.09.115 · Cited by 3
Identification of Tropane Alkaloid Chemotypes and Genotypes in Hyoscyamus niger L.
Kramer, L., Jayanty, S. S., Reckhow, D. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science · doi:10.21273/jashs05309-23 · Cited by 3
House sparrows are heavier on organic and integrated-production farms than on conventional farms
Humann‐Guilleminot, S., Binkowski, Ł. J., Gning, O., Glauser, G., & Helfenstein, F. (2024) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2023.108853 · Cited by 3
Palinkas, C. M., Gurbisz, C., & Bolton, M. C. (2024) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.12502 · Cited by 3
“While p -values do not measure the importance of results (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) and should not be the sole basis for management decisions (Smith 2020), we used a p -value of 0.10 to indicate “ signi fi cance.”
MethodInfluentialAn Objective and Robust Bayes Factor for the Hypothesis Test One Sample and Two Population Means
Almodóvar‐Rivera, I., & Pericchi, L. R. (2024) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e26010088 · Cited by 3
“However, p -values, along with significance testing based on fixed α -levels, tend to exaggerate evidence against null hypotheses for large sample sizes and lack the operational meaning of a probability [3–5].”
BackgroundNg, W. J., Kwok, W. C., Hill, E., Chua, F. J. D., Leifels, M., Kim, S. Y., Affandi, S. A. A., Ramasamy, S. G., Nainani, D., Cheng, D., et al. (2024) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.3c00304 · Cited by 3
McKechnie, T., Brennan, K., Eskicioglu, C., et al. (2024) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110148 · Cited by 3
Tate, N. M., Yamkate, P., Xenoulis, P. G., Steiner, J. M., Behling‐Kelly, E. L., Rendahl, A., Wu, Y., & Furrow, E. (2024) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.17010 · Cited by 3
Hullot, M., Martin, C., Blondel, C., et al. (2024) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-024-01893-w · Cited by 3
“Following the recent statement of the American Statistical Association (ASA) on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), we favored giving exact values and we tried to be critical regarding the classical thresholds of “statistical significativ-ity”.”
MethodAugmenting Human Cognition With a Digital Submarine Periscope
Michailovs, S., Irons, J. L., Howard, Z. L., Pond, S., Schmitt, M., Stoker, M., Visser, T. A. W., Bell, J., Pinniger, G. J., Fitzgerald, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/15553434241235770 · Cited by 3
“Quantifying uncertainty amongst competing hypotheses (including the null) using Bayesian statistics is a principled and well-supported practice (Vandekerckhove et al., 2018) and avoids some of the critiqued limitations of frequentist statistics (Wagenmakers et al., 2018a; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
A preliminary study of multidimensional semantic evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort in Chinese
Xi, T., Wang, M., Cao, E., et al. (2024) · Architectural Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44223-024-00051-6 · Cited by 3
“According to statistics, the study excluded invalid samples ( p value ≤ 0.05 in validity test) (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
InfluentialIs Statistical Significance Alone Obsolete?
Puhan, M. A., & Clavien, P. (2024) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006278 · Cited by 3
Collin, L. J., Jones, J., Nash, R., et al. (2024) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-024-07279-w · Cited by 3
“No hypothesis testing was performed [21, 22].”
Evidence-based pharmacotherapy in cardiology. National guideline
Martsevich, S. Y., Кутишенко, Н. П., Lukina, Y. V., Yakusevich, V. V., Николаевна, Т. С., Samorodskaya, I. V., Lukyanov, М. М., Zagrebelny, A. V., Metelskaya, V. A., Александровна, П. Е., et al. (2024) · Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology · doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2024-2992 · Cited by 4
Outcomes and quality of care for women and their babies after caesarean section in Nigeria
Adeniran, A. S., Nwachukwu, D. C., Ocheke, A. N., et al. (2024) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17815 · Cited by 3
Polymorphisms in the CD6-ALCAM axis may modulate psoriasis risk and outcomes
Wagner, M., Sobczyński, M., Wiśniewski, A., Matusiak, Ł., Kuśnierczyk, P., & Jasek, M. (2024) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110797 · Cited by 3
Contreras-Zentella, M. L., Alatriste‐Contreras, M. G., Suárez‐Cuenca, J. A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2024.1362305 · Cited by 3
“Polynomial fi tting describes the relationship between a dependent variable (y) and an independent variable (x) as an nth-degree polynomial (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016): Curve fi tting involves constructing a polynomial curve that best matches a set of data points.”
BackgroundGroup-by-Treatment Interaction Effects in Comparative Bioavailability Studies
Schütz, H., Burger, D. A., Cobo, E., Dubins, D. N., Farkás, T., Labes, D., Lang, B. J., Ocaña, J., Ring, A., Shitova, A., et al. (2024) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-024-00921-x · Cited by 3
Recent steroid use and the relapse risk in ulcerative colitis patients with endoscopic healing
Fukuda, T., Yamazaki, H., Miyatani, Y., et al. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.18013 · Cited by 3
Importance of Examining Incidentality in Vaccine Safety Assessment
Suzumura, Y. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12050555 · Cited by 4
“The American Statistical Association (ASA) statement asserted that a single p -value alone should not determine a scientific conclusion and that analysis should be performed using multiple statistical methods [8].”
BackgroundOutcomes After Pediatric Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients With Tetralogy of Fallot
Roy, L.-O., Blais, S., Marelli, A. J., Dahdah, N., Dancea, A., Drolet, C., & Dallaire, F. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2024.06.009 · Cited by 4
Multivariate testing and effect size measures for batch effect evaluation in radiomic features
Horng, H., Scott, C. G., Winham, S. J., Jensen, M., Pantalone, L., Mankowski, W. C., Kerlikowske, K. M., Vachon, C. M., Despina Kontos, B., & Shinohara, R. T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64208-z · Cited by 4
“In addition, statistical tests relying on p-values with an arbitrary threshold for significance have also come under increasing criticism by the statistics community in recent years because the p-value does not quantify effect size or provide information regarding result reproducibility 25 .”
MethodBest, A. M., Lang, T. A., Greenberg, B. L., Gunsolley, J. C., & Ioannidou, E. (2024) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/23800844241247029 · Cited by 3
“…of positions remains on this issue, we support the strong and longstanding consensus of the statistical community that the binary “yes or no” convention for denoting importance of a finding based on its P value alone is not logically supportable and should be discarded (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Gavilán‐Carrera, B., Martínez‐Rosales, E., Morenilla, C. B. P., Díaz‐Chamorro, A., Soriano‐Maldonado, A., & Vargas‐Hitos, J. A. (2024) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2024.04.023 · Cited by 3
Segmentation of Anterior and Posterior Chambers on UBM Images by Fuzzy Clustering
Yao, Y., Wang, X., You, X., et al. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3430973 · Cited by 3
On the Field Statistics in Nested Reverberation Chambers
Gifuni, A., Kenderes, A., Grassini, G., Buono, A., & Gradoni, G. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3445175 · Cited by 4
“In the other words, GOF tests such as standard Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) and Anderson-Darling (A-D) tests are unapplicable [36], [37], [38], [40], [41], [42].”
MethodResultInfluentialLopez, S., Rufener, C., & Holinger, M. (2024) · Animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101325 · Cited by 2
Nonparametric Statistics on Magnetic Properties at the Footpoints of Erupting Magnetic Flux Ropes
Liu, R., & Wang, W. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad66bd · Cited by 3
“Meanwhile we obtain from the sample data the p -value (Wasserstein & Lazar 2016) that gives the probability of observing a result at least as extreme as the one obtained, given that the null hypothesis is true.”
MethodA Residual Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network With Transformers for Speech Emotion Recognition
Yan, T., Meng, H., Parada‐Cabaleiro, E., Tao, J., Li, T., & Schuller, B. W. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2024.3481253 · Cited by 3
“Still, due to the intrinsic problems of Null Hypothesis Testing [57], to ensure the reliability of the results, we report a Confidence Interval (CI) measure for each experiment, defined in our study as shown in (11).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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