The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Leek, J. (2014), “On the Scalability of Statistical Procedures: Why the p-Value Bashers Just Don't Get It,” Simply Statistics Blog, Available at http://simplystatistics.org/2014/02/14/on-the-scalability-of-statistical-procedures-why-the-p-value-bashers-just-dont-get-it/.
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Jensen–Shannon Divergence Hypothesis Test for Determining Reverberation Chamber Field Distribution
Xue, W., Sun, J., Liang, F., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2025.3574921 · Cited by 3
“Indeed, the hypothesis test is sometimes criticized for being hard to interpret or convert into clear decision criteria in the statistics community [27], [28], [29].”
Low, M. P., Wut, T. M., & Pok, W. F. (2025) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2025.2528673 · Cited by 4
Common wrong beliefs about statistical testing: recent trends in biomedical sciences
Rovetta, A., & Mansournia, M. A. (2025) · Current Opinion in Epidemiology and Public Health · doi:10.1097/pxh.0000000000000054 · Cited by 3
Holder, N. D., Batten, A. J., Shiner, B. R., & Maguen, S. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.008 · Cited by 3
Bonamente, M., Spence, D. W., Ahoranta, J., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1137 · Cited by 3
Taroi, M., Gligorea, I., Fleacă, R. S., Vecerzan, L., Prihoi, A., & Domnariu, C. D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14176252 · Cited by 3
“The evaluation of the statistical significance of the differences between the groups was carried out by calculating the p -value [23], establishing a conventional significance threshold of 0.05.”
InfluentialSharma, T., Misra, S., & Colomo‐Palacios, R. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11648-x · Cited by 3
The signal and the noise: inherent challenges for isotopic studies in bioarchaeology
O’Connell, T. C. (2025) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2025.106379 · Cited by 4
Evaluating the properties of the fragility index of meta-analyses
Xing, A., Xing, X., Murad, M. H., & Lin, L. (2025) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-025-02648-5 · Cited by 7
Impacts of extreme temperature changes on fractional vegetation cover in marshes of China
Ding, C., & Shen, X. (2025) · Limnology and Oceanography Letters · doi:10.1002/lol2.70065 · Cited by 3
“Considering that a p-value, or statistical signi fi cance, does not fully measure the size of an effect or the importance of the results (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), this study also employed partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis (Shen, Liu, Henderson et al., 2018; Shen, Liu, and Lu, 2018)…”
Ma, L., Weng, W., Chen, J., Wu, H., Liang, J., & Lu, F. (2025) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-025-02228-y · Cited by 3
“Therefore, the result should be interpreted with caution, as repeated experiments may elevate intra-group variability and diminish inter-group statistical significance [51].”
Chen, G., Yang, S., Chen, L., Yang, Y., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2025.111062 · Cited by 3
Dick, A. S., Comer, J. S., Bayat, M., Curtis, M., Hayes, T., Pruden, S. M., Hawes, S. W., González, R., Laird, A. R., & Graziano, P. A. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101630 · Cited by 9
“…terms, Wasserstein and Lazar (2016) define it as ‘‘the probability under a specified statistical model that a statistical summary of the data (e.g., the sample mean difference between two compared groups) would be equal to or more extreme than its observed value’’ (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Paltsev, A., Creed, I. F., Hessen, D. O., Drakare, S., Lau, D. C. P., Vrede, T., Kortelainen, P., Vuorio, K. M., Kahilainen, K. K., de Wit, H. A., et al. (2025) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2025gb008520 · Cited by 4
“We aimed to deviate from traditional p ‐value thresholds and include as many lakes as possible by considering the ecological context (Wasserstein et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Shen, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, C., Yu, Y., & Wang, H. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757399 · Cited by 3
“However, these conjectured causal links should be regarded as speculative and not definitive, which require further empirical investigation to be substantiated [45].”
Díaz, P. A., Gormaz, R., Aguayo, P., et al. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13112440 · Cited by 3
“Following the recommendations of the American Statistical Association [68] and an increasing number of scientists worldwide [69], the p -values were not dichotomized, but are instead reported as calculated, except when several values were combined to represent a single group.”
Fikri, Y., Talaat, R., Shaheen, A. Y. M., et al. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17219762 · Cited by 3
Risco-Acevedo, D., Subirós, N., Camacho, H., Ramírez-Sánchez, J., Rodríguez-Virulich, Y., Etchegoyen-Amoros, A., Fuentes-Morales, D., Palenzuela, D. O., Pérez-Saad, H., & García-del-Barco-Herrera, D. (2025) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-025-07183-9 · Cited by 3
Mahmud, R., Berkovsky, S., Prasad, M., & Kocaballi, A. B. (2025) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3764687.3764722 · Cited by 3
Impact of oil and gas boom and busts on working-age mortality in the U.S.
Thombs, R. P., & Willis, M. D. (2025) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000438 · Cited by 3
“Following modern statistical methods, 67,68 we interpreted the model results based on an evaluation of the magnitude, direction, and precision of the effect estimates, rather than binary significance testing (e.g., P values).”
Faroque, A. R., Gabrielsson, P., Seppälä, T., et al. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102555 · Cited by 3
The Role of Ethnicity and Migration in Perinatal Inequalities: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Rayment‐Jones, H., Burton, S. P., Bridle, L., Mohamud, Y. M., Easter, A., Seed, P. T., Partnership, T. E. B. I. S. L., & Sandall, J. (2026) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.70169 · Cited by 3
Probabilities Over p -Values: A Decision Framework for Evidence-Based Policing
Mourtgos, S. M. (2026) · Justice Evaluation Journal · doi:10.1080/24751979.2026.2618794 · Cited by 3
Beyond the p Value Dichotomy: Alternatives for Statistical Inference—A Critical Review
Ferreira, M. H. L., Câmara, L. C., & Carvas, N. (2026) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.70373 · Cited by 5
Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Behavioral Outcomes in Canadian Children
Kavanagh, M. E., Chen, Z. H., Tamana, S. K., Moraes, T. J., Simons, E., Turvey, S. E., Subbarao, P., Mandhane, P. J., & Miliku, K. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0434 · Cited by 4
Cementing JM ’s Impact on the Marketing Ecosystem: Empirical Execution
Steenkamp, J. B. E. M., Fischer, M., Haws, K. L., Scott, M. L., & Slotegraaf, R. J. (2026) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429261426047 · Cited by 6
General Anesthesia Versus Non-GA in Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Heesen, P., Ciobanu-Caraus, O., Azem, K., Orbach‐Zinger, S., Hainc, N., Möhlenbruch, M. A., & Bendszus, M. (2026) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000218282 · Cited by 3
Grunau, B. E., Singer, J., Lee, T., Scheuermeyer, F. X., Straight, R., Schlamp, R., Wand, R., Dick, W. F., Connolly, H. C., Pennington, S. E., et al. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.3386 · Cited by 3
Integrating Data Science Ethics into an Undergraduate Major
Baumer, B. S., Garcia, R. L., Kim, A. Y., et al. (2020) · Smith ScholarWorks (Smith College) · Cited by 3
A new Bayesian discrepancy measure
Bertolino, F., Manca, M., Musio, M., et al. (2024) · Statistical Methods & Applications · doi:10.1007/s10260-024-00745-1 · Cited by 3
“However, in the direction recommended in the ASA statement (see Wasserstein and Lazar (2016)) and in view of the debate on hypothesis testing (Benjamin et al. 2018; Benjamin and Berger 2019) and the recent 1 3 A new Bayesian discrepancy measure studies about the reproducibility of experiments…”
A Statistical Basis for Reporting Strength of Evidence as Pool Reduction
Spitzner, D. J. (2022) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2022.2026478 · Cited by 3
“…with extensive debate about statistical reporting that produced a 2016 statement by the American Statistical Association (ASA) on p-values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), a 2019 special issue in The American Statistician on related issues such as statistical significance and reproducibility,…”
BackgroundSegall, M. D. A., Gonzaga, L. P., Kenup, C. F., et al. (2022) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-022-01965-6 · Cited by 3
“Although we avoided treating p values as definitive thresholds of significance (following Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), we regarded p-values of less than 0.1 as a possible indicator of dimorphism, considering the small sample size and the exploratory character of this study.”
MethodInfluentialRecker, J. (2021) · Progress in IS · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85436-2_5 · Cited by 4
Korlat, S., Holzer, J., Reiter, J., Pelikan, E. R., Schober, B., Spiel, C., & Lüftenegger, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269018 · Cited by 3
“Following the ASA guideline on p-values [57], significant p-values are supported with 95% two-sided confidence intervals in all tables in the results section.”
MethodObando, D., Hill, J., & Wright, N. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01354-3 · Cited by 3
“We interpret the values of ‘p’ for the interactions, which fell either side of the conventional significance level, mainly in the light of the very similar effect sizes for the interactions, consistent with American Statistical Society advice [45].”
ResultResponse surfaces, blocking, and split plots: A predictive distribution case study
Peterson, J. J. (2022) · Quality Engineering · doi:10.1080/08982112.2022.2102427 · Cited by 3
Bridging statistics and life sciences undergraduate education
Tong, L., White, B. J. G., & Singh, J. (2022) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2022.2118810 · Cited by 4
“Specifically, Wasserstein and colleagues (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) describe p-values and what they do and do not tell us as researchers.”
The Perceived Importance of Language Skills in Europe—The Case of Swedish Migrants in France
Arvidsson, K., & Jemstedt, A. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7040290 · Cited by 3
Williams, S. S., Morgan, K., Herde, B., et al. (2023) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.12981 · Cited by 3
Tutino, R. C., Schofield, E., Saracino, R. M., Walsh, L. E., Straus, E., & Nelson, C. J. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951523000512 · Cited by 3
Woodside, A. G., Bernal, P. M., & Sádaba, T. (2023) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2023.100428 · Cited by 3
Ramírez‐Silva, C. I., Ariza, A. C., Barragán-Vázquez, S., Jimenez, M. M., Ortiz‐Panozo, E., Batis, C., Burguete-García, A. I., Ávila-Jiménez, L., Zambrano, E., & Rivera, J. Á. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107030 · Cited by 3
The harsh face of the empire by invitation: Coups in the US world order
Chiozza, G., & Khalifa, L. (2023) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/07388942231210295 · Cited by 3
“…and effective response to the “ crisis ” over the p -values in scienti fi c inference (Nuzzo, 2014; Troeger, 2019), which led the American Statistical Association to spearhead a call for a post “ p < 0.05 ” world (Greenland et al., 2016; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialDoabler, C. T., Clarke, B., Turtura, J. E., Sutherland, M., Gersib, J. A., Lesner, T. A., Cook, M. A., Kimmel, G. L., Smolkowski, K., & Kosty, D. B. (2023) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194231209017 · Cited by 3
Dawes, J., Walters, K. R., Frost, R., Bagkeris, E., Burton, A., Hertzberg, D., & Hayward, A. C. (2024) · NIHR Open Research · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.13545.1 · Cited by 3
Wong, B. W. L., Hemelstrand, S., & Inoue, T. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241242631 · Cited by 4
“However, this result alone does not “prove” that there is indeed a null effect (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Agley, J. D., Henderson, C., Seo, D., Parker, M. A., Golzarri‐Arroyo, L., Dickinson, S., & Tidd, D. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/57280 · Cited by 2
“We will report exact P values and commit to a cautious interpretation of the findings, avoiding overreliance on P values as the single arbiter of meaning [64].”
MethodKorologou‐Linden, R., Xu, B., Coulthard, E. J., Walton, E., Wearn, A. R., Hemani, G., White, T. J. H., Cecil, C. A. M., Sharp, T. H., Tiemeier, H. W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-332969 · Cited by 6
“42 43 Adjusted p values, controlling for the false discovery rate are in provided online supplemental tables 4, 8, 9 and 11.”
Statistical analysis of observational studies in disability research
Shepherd, D. A., Amor, D. J., & Moreno‐Betancur, M. (2024) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15948 · Cited by 3
The Bayesian Approach to Audit Evidence: Quantifying Statistical Evidence Using the Bayes Factor
Derks, K., de swart, J., Wagenmakers, E., & Wetzels, R. (2024) · Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory · doi:10.2308/ajpt-2021-086 · Cited by 3
Hoffman, S. R., Smith, J. S., Funk, M. J., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303823 · Cited by 3
“As recommended by the American Statistical Association leadership, associations were interpreted based on the strength of the estimate, width of the confidence interval (precision) and consistency across models, not on statistical significance at p � 0.05 [47].”
MethodInfluentialTraining task‐selection skills: The effect of prompts and explicit instruction on transfer
Pieplenbosch, J. M., van den Broek, G. S. E., Hoogerheide, V., & van Gog, T. (2024) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4200 · Cited by 3
Wise, L. A., Coleman, C. M., Schildroth, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-024-00698-3 · Cited by 3
“Based on the latest recommendations by the American Statistical Association [65], we did not rely on binary statistical testing to interpret our results.”
Normative empirical concepts – a practical guiding tool for economists
van Staveren, I. (2024) · Journal of Economic Methodology · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2024.2376557 · Cited by 3
“This statement notes that p-values are often misused and clari fi es that a p-value ‘ is a statement about data in relation to a speci fi ed hypothetical explanation and is not a statement about the explanation itself ’ (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 131).”
Assessing the Psychometric Qualities of the Data-Informed School Leadership Survey
Sun, J., Xia, J., Hua, C., Man, K., & Johnson, B. L. (2024) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x241271250 · Cited by 5
“To interpret the results, we followed the 2016 American Statistical Association (ASA) Statement on P-Values and Statistical Signi fi cance (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) along with other recommendations (Kline, 2020; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
Cost of a Healthy Diet: A Population-Representative Comparison of 3 Diet Cost Methods in Canada
Luongo, G., Tarasuk, V. S., Cahill, L. E., Hajizadeh, M., Yi, Y., & Mah, C. L. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.002 · Cited by 3
Booth, J. S., Rapaka, R. R., McArthur, M. A., Fresnay, S., Darton, T. C., Blohmke, C. J., Jones, C., Waddington, C. S., Levine, M. M., Pollard, A. J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384642 · Cited by 4
Gebremichael, B., Lassi, Z. S., Begum, M., & Zhou, S. J. (2024) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13737 · Cited by 4
“Interpretation of the effect size was informed by the recommendation in interpreting statistical significance by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Li, Y. Y., Tong, L. K., Au, M. L., et al. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02390-1 · Cited by 3
Pyrkosch, L., Lautenbacher, L. M., Mumm, J., Plag, J., Fehm, L., Fydrich, T., & Ströhle, A. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.018 · Cited by 3
Kann, R. S., Snyder, J. S., Victor, C. P., Adriano, Z., Garn, J. V., McGunegill, S., Nalá, R., Freeman, M. C., & Lévy, K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310490 · Cited by 5
“While scientific research often relies heavily on the use of p-values, p-values alone cannot act as a good measure of evidence when interpreting models [53].”
Comments on “The Roles, Challenges, and Merits of the p Value” by Chén et al
Huang, H. (2024) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2024.2442957 · Cited by 3
“…or abandoning statistical significance and p values (e.g. Amrhein et al., 2019; Halsey, 2019; McShane et al., 2019; Wasserstein et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) and replacing significance testing with estimation statistics (e.g. Berner & Amrhein, 2022; Claridge-Chang & Assam, 2016;…”
O uso crítico da inferência estatística na epidemiologia ocupacional: ensaio
Fernandes, R. D. C. P., Lima, V. M. A., & Carvalho, F. M. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2317-6369/35622pt2025v50e1 · Cited by 3
Boda, M. R., Rees, A., Goldsworthy, M. R., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.01.032 · Cited by 3
Exploring the Psychosocial Domain of the Social Determinants of Learning™ Framework
Urban, R. W., & Jennings, L. A. (2025) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/nne.0000000000001791 · Cited by 3
Kay, E. R., Philbin, C. S., Richards, L. A., Forister, M. L., Jeffrey, C. S., & Dyer, L. A. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14030474 · Cited by 3
“For reporting results, the emphasis of this study is on the ecological relevance and magnitude of effect sizes rather than statistical significance, in line with the consensus of the American Statistical Association [23,24].”
Fleming, M. A., Low, N. H., & Eskiw, C. H. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14040295 · Cited by 3
“…SIRT1 activity (2DD cells) to a level that surpassed the selected threshold for statistical significance ( p 0.1), statistical significance does not directly equate to biological significance and the observed increases in SIRT1 activity, although small, may be physiologically relevant [40,41].”
InfluentialA Comparative Analysis of Attitudes Toward Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Minority People
Rye, B., & Goldszmidt, R. (2025) · The social science · doi:10.3390/socsci14030145 · Cited by 2
Association of Bidirectional Network Cores in the Brain with Perceptual Awareness and Cognition
Taguchi, T., Kitazono, J., Sasai, S., & Oizumi, M. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0802-24.2025 · Cited by 3
“…functional gradient and the MRR for iES are exploratory rather than hypothesis-driven, and considering the recommendation against interpreting results solely based on p -values (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), we avoid a dichotomous judgment of the signi fi cance of results based on p -values alone.”
Beyond domain dependency in security requirements identification
Casillo, F., Deufemia, V., & Gravino, C. (2025) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107702 · Cited by 6
Maneenoi, N., Russell, L. M., Han, S., Dedrick, J. L., Williams, A. S., Berta, V. Z., Pelayo, C. N., Zawadowicz, M. A., Sedlacek, A. J., Silber, I., et al. (2025) · ACS ES&T Air · doi:10.1021/acsestair.4c00352 · Cited by 9
Artificial intelligence and dichotomania
McShane, B. B., Gal, D., & Duhachek, A. (2025) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/jdm.2025.7 · Cited by 5
Woody Plant Encroachment, Grassland Loss, and Farm Subsidies
Meyer, M., Schaub, S., & Bonev, P. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/1477-9552.12641 · Cited by 3
Darvin, L., Lotspeich, S. C., Hindman, L. C., & Pegoraro, A. L. (2025) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-025-09371-x · Cited by 6
“The p < 0.001 threshold aligns with recent calls for more rigorous statistical standards in psychological and social science research (Benjamin et al., 2018; Ioannidis, 2005; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
InfluentialMessner, W. (2025) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107121 · Cited by 3
Do native trees support epiphytic bryophytes diversity better than nonnatives?
Czortek, P., Dyderski, M. K., Łubek, A., et al. (2025) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.100.154929 · Cited by 3
“This choice stems from the fact that P -values are highly sensitive to sample size, and relying solely on them can result in biologically significant patterns being misinterpreted as not significant (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Zaboli, A., & Turcato, G. (2025) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2025-215426 · Cited by 3
Inferential Statistics for Evidence-Based Decision-Making in Non-Profit Organizations
Global, N., & Kazanskaia, A. N. (2025) · doi:10.64357/neya-gjnps-qn-rchfr-mth-07 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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