Partial associations of dietary iron, smoking and intestinal bacteria with colorectal cancer risk
Open accessAbstract
Smoking and high red meat intake have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Increased iron exposure may be a common factor, favoring the colonization of certain bacterial pathogens that preferentially grow in an iron-rich luminal environment. We analyzed the data from a population-based case-control study of CRC and measured antibody levels against flagelin of Salmonella (FliC), one of the irontrophic bacteria, in 2 independent blood collections. The risk of CRC synergistically increased by combined exposures to heme iron intake and pack-yr (PY) of cigarette smoking (P value for the interaction = 0.039 on the continuous scale). There was a marginally significant interaction between heme iron intake and PY in increasing FliC antibody in the U.S. control subjects (P = 0.055), although no iron or smoking data were available for Dutch samples. Furthermore, FliC antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with colorectal polyps and cancer than in controls in both Dutch (3.93 vs. 2.23) (P = 0.014) and U.S. samples (6.65 vs. 4.37) (P < 0.001). Potential roles of iron from cigarette smoking and dietary heme in CRC through altering irontrophic luminal bacterial population may warrant further investigation.
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Antibody titers to Salmonella ser. Typhimurium were higher in colorectal cancer cases than controls in the United States and the Netherlands.
“Antibody titers to Salmonella ser. Typhimurium were higher in CRC cases than controls in the US and the Netherlands.”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [69]
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- Authors
- Kato, I., Boleij, A., Kortman, G. A. M., Roelofs, R., Djuric, Z., Severson, R. K., & Tjalsma, H.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- Nutrition and Cancer
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 169-177
- ISSN
- 0163-5581 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7914
- PMC
- PMC3655765
- OpenAlex
- W2131629553
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nutrition and Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-22453, CA46592, R01CA93817, R01CA120381, R01CA093817, P30CA046592, P30CA022453)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- colorectal cancer, dietary iron, cigarette smoking, pack-years, flagellin, Salmonella, intestinal bacteria, colorectal polyps, synergistic interaction, cancer risk
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Flagellin, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Male, Michigan, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Risk Factors, Salmonella, Smoking, Colorectal Neoplasms, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Iron, Dietary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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