Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass
Open accessAbstract
Recent evidence suggests that the microbial community in the human intestine may play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity. We examined 184,094 sequences of microbial 16S rRNA genes from PCR amplicons by using the 454 pyrosequencing technology to compare the microbial community structures of 9 individuals, 3 in each of the categories of normal weight, morbidly obese, and post-gastric-bypass surgery. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that although the Bacteria in the human intestinal community were highly diverse, they fell mainly into 6 bacterial divisions that had distinct differences in the 3 study groups. Specifically, Firmicutes were dominant in normal-weight and obese individuals but significantly decreased in post-gastric-bypass individuals, who had a proportional increase of Gammaproteobacteria. Numbers of the H(2)-producing Prevotellaceae were highly enriched in the obese individuals. Unlike the highly diverse Bacteria, the Archaea comprised mainly members of the order Methanobacteriales, which are H(2)-oxidizing methanogens. Using real-time PCR, we detected significantly higher numbers of H(2)-utilizing methanogenic Archaea in obese individuals than in normal-weight or post-gastric-bypass individuals. The coexistence of H(2)-producing bacteria with relatively high numbers of H(2)-utilizing methanogenic Archaea in the gastrointestinal tract of obese individuals leads to the hypothesis that interspecies H(2) transfer between bacterial and archaeal species is an important mechanism for increasing energy uptake by the human large intestine in obese persons. The large bacterial population shift seen in the post-gastric-bypass individuals may reflect the double impact of the gut alteration caused by the surgical procedure and the consequent changes in food ingestion and digestion.
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Amelioration of obesity by bariatric or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery results in change in gut microbial composition.
“In addition, amelioration of obesity by bariatric or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery results in a change in gut microbial composition (Gralka et al., 2015;Tremaroli et al., 2015;Zhang et al., 2009), even though this is not the case for weight gain in anorexia nervosa (Mack et al., 2016).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2009
Other studies did not confirm that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is increased in obesity, or even showed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes was reduced in obese subjects.
“However, others did not confirm these observations [40], or even show that the relative abundance of Firmicutes was reduced in obese subjects [41].”
From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
A. muciniphila accounts for approximately 1% to 3% of the microbial community in healthy subjects, and its abundance is inversely correlated with body weight in mice and humans.
“It accounts for ≈1% to 3% of the microbial community in healthy subjects, and its abundance is inversely correlated with body weight in mice and humans.20,21”
From <i>Akkermansia Muciniphila</i> Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Preventing Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in <i>Apoe</i> <sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Smaller studies in humans have found that morbidly obese subjects harbor higher proportions of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae.
“smaller studies in humans have found that morbidly obese subjects harbor higher proportions of Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae [43]”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
The observed changes to Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae did not acutely impact lipid metabolism.
“suggesting that the observed changes to Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae – previously linked to obesity and lipid, primarily cholesterol, metabolism [43], [44], [45] – did not acutely impact lipid metabolism.”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae have previously been linked to obesity and lipid, primarily cholesterol, metabolism.
“Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae – previously linked to obesity and lipid, primarily cholesterol, metabolism [43], [44], [45]”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
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“However, others did not confirm these observations [40], or even show that the relative abundance of Firmicutes was reduced in obese subjects [41].”
ResultIntestinal farnesoid X receptor signaling promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Jiang, C., Xie, C., Li, F., Zhang, L., Nichols, R. G., Krausz, K. W., Cai, J., Qi, Y., Fang, Z.-Z., Takahashi, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci76738 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Roopchand, D. E., Carmody, R. N., Kuhn, P., Moskal, K., Rojas-Silva, P., Turnbaugh, P. J., & Raskin, I. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1916 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Lu, Y., Fan, C., Li, P., Lu, Y., Chang, X., & Qi, K. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep37589 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Hartstra, A. V., Bouter, K. E. C., Bäckhed, F., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0769 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics
Abenavoli, L., Scarpellini, E., Colica, C., Boccuto, L., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Aiello, V., Romano, B., De Lorenzo, A., Izzo, A. A., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112690 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism Predisposing to Obesity and Diabetes
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Longitudinal multi-omics of host–microbe dynamics in prediabetes
Zhou, W., Sailani, M. R., Contrepois, K., Zhou, Y., Ahadi, S., Leopold, S. R., Zhang, M. J., Rao, V., Avina, M., Mishra, T., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1236-x · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Obese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity
Bruce-Keller, A. J., Salbaum, J. M., Luo, M., Blanchard, E., Taylor, C. M., Welsh, D. A., & Berthoud, H.-R. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.012 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
The Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Osadchiy, V., Martin, C. R., & Mayer, E. A. (2019) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.10.002 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Gut microbiota, obesity and diabetes
Patterson, E., Ryan, P. M., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., & Stanton, C. (2016) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133285 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome
Festi, D., Schiumerini, R., Eusebi, L. H., Marasco, G., Taddia, M., & Colecchia, A. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16079 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Modulator of host metabolism and appetite
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Intestinal microbiota, diet and health
Power, S. E., O'Toole, P. W., Stanton, C., Ross, R. P., & Fitzgerald, G. F. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513002560 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Dysbiosis Signature of Fecal Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Patients
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Self-citationThe role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Abu-Shanab, A., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2010) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2010.172 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Etxeberria, U., Arias, N., Boqué, N., Macarulla, M. T., Portillo, M. P., Martínez, J. A., & Milagro, F. I. (2015) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.002 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Graessler, J., Qin, Y., Zhong, H., Zhang, J., Licinio, J., Wong, M.-L., Xu, A., Chavakis, T., Bornstein, A. B., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., et al. (2013) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2012.43 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Archaea and the Human Gut: New Beginning of an Old Story
Gaci, N., Borrel, G., Tottey, W., O’Toole, P. W., & Brugère, J.-F. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16062 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Major microbiota dysbiosis in severe obesity: fate after bariatric surgery
Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Prifti, E., Belda, E., Ichou, F., Kayser, B. D., Dao, M. C., Verger, E. O., Hedjazi, L., Bouillot, J.-L., Chevallier, J.-M., et al. (2019) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316103 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
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Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: Is it real and is it relevant?
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The gut microbiome and its role in obesity
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Bile Acids and Dysbiosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Mouzaki, M., Wang, A. Y., Bandsma, R., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Zhang, L., Fung, S., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. G., & Allard, J. P. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151829 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Microbiota conservation and BMI signatures in adult monozygotic twins
Tims, S., Derom, C., Jonkers, D. M., Vlietinck, R., Saris, W. H., Kleerebezem, M., de Vos, W. M., & Zoetendal, E. G. (2013) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.146 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Interplay between obesity and associated metabolic disorders: New insights into the gut microbiota
Cani, P. D., & Delzenne, N. M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.016 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Million, M., Angelakis, E., Maraninchi, M., Henry, M., Giorgi, R., Valero, R., Vialettes, B., & Raoult, D. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.20 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
RetractedBreast Cancer and Its Relationship with the Microbiota
Fernández, M. F., Reina-Pérez, I., Astorga, J. M., Rodríguez-Carrillo, A., Plaza-Díaz, J., & Fontana, L. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15081747 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Kawano, Y., Edwards, M., Huang, Y., Bilate, A. M., Araujo, L. P., Tanoue, T., Atarashi, K., Ladinsky, M. S., Reiner, S. L., Wang, H. H., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.005 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Community structures of fecal bacteria in cattle from different animal feeding operations
Shanks, O. C., Kelty, C. A., Archibeque, S., Jenkins, M., Newton, R. J., McLellan, S. L., Huse, S. M., & Sogin, M. L. (2011) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02988-10 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Sanchez, M., Darimont, C., Drapeau, V., Emady-Azar, S., Lepage, M., Rezzonico, E., Ngom-Bru, C., Berger, B., Philippe, L., Ammon-Zuffrey, C., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513003875 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Effects of probiotics on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis
Ma, Y.-Y. (2013) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6911 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Altered gut microbial energy and metabolism in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Michail, S., Lin, M., Frey, M. R., Fanter, R., Paliy, O., Hilbush, B., & Reo, N. V. (2015) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiu002 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Benedict, C., Vogel, H., Jonas, W., Woting, A., Blaut, M., Schürmann, A., & Cedernaes, J. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.003 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“2A; Table 3A), coupled with increased abundances of the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae (9.61 5.59% vs. 7.26 3.30% and 3.37 3.98% vs. 2.55 2.97%, respectively; both P ¼ 0.049, one-sided; Supplementary Fig.”
ResultInfluentialGut Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability, Obesity‐Induced Inflammation, and Liver Injury
Frazier, T. H., DiBaise, J. K., & McClain, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607111413772 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise Attenuates PCB-Induced Changes in the Mouse Gut Microbiome
Choi, J. J., Eum, S. Y., Rampersaud, E., Daunert, S., Abreu, M. T., & Toborek, M. (2013) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1306534 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and obesity
John, G. K., & Mullin, G. E. (2016) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-016-0528-7 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Murphy, R., Tsai, P., Jüllig, M., Liu, A., Plank, L., & Booth, M. (2017) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2399-2 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Louis, S., Tappu, R.-M., Damms-Machado, A., Huson, D. H., & Bischoff, S. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149564 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: present state and perspectives
Salonen, A., de Vos, W. M., & Palva, A. (2010) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.043257-0 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Effects of diet versus gastric bypass on metabolic function in diabetes
Yoshino, M., Kayser, B. D., Yoshino, J., Stein, R. I., Reeds, D., Eagon, J. C., Eckhouse, S. R., Watrous, J. D., Jain, M., Knight, R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2003697 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Non-alcoholic fatty liver and the gut microbiota
Bashiardes, S., Shapiro, H., Rozin, S., Shibolet, O., & Elinav, E. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.003 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Contributions of intestinal bacteria to nutrition and metabolism in the critically ill
Morowitz, M. J., Carlisle, E. M., & Alverdy, J. C. (2011) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2011.05.001 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity
Cheng, Z., Zhang, L., Yang, L., & Chu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1025706 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Gut microbiome-derived metabolites characterize a peculiar obese urinary metabotype
Calvani, R., Miccheli, A., Capuani, G., Tomassini Miccheli, A., Puccetti, C., Delfini, M., Iaconelli, A., Nanni, G., & Mingrone, G. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.44 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Prebiotics and probiotics; modifying and mining the microbiota
Quigley, E. M. M. (2010) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.01.004 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Seganfredo, F. B., Blume, C. A., Moehlecke, M., Giongo, A., Casagrande, D. S., Spolidoro, J. V. N., Padoin, A. V., Schaan, B. D., & Mottin, C. C. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12541 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Martínez, I., Perdicaro, D. J., Brown, A. W., Hammons, S., Carden, T. J., Carr, T. P., Eskridge, K. M., & Walter, J. (2013) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.03046-12 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Causality of small and large intestinal microbiota in weight regulation and insulin resistance
Scheithauer, T. P. M., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., de Vos, W. M., Nieuwdorp, M., & van Raalte, D. H. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.002 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Importantly, Proteobacteria represent mostly facultative anaerobes, compared to obligate anaerobic dominating Firmicutes.”
BackgroundInfluentialArchaea as emerging organisms in complex human microbiomes
Dridi, B., Raoult, D., & Drancourt, M. (2011) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.001 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Astrup, A., & Bügel, S. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0143-9 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Gut-Liver Axis and Sensing Microbes
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Ruaud, A., Esquivel-Elizondo, S., de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, J., Waters, J. L., Angenent, L. T., Youngblut, N. D., & Ley, R. E. (2020) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03235-19 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Obesity: An overview of possible role(s) of gut hormones, lipid sensing and gut microbiota
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Mechanism Underlying the Weight Loss and Complications of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Review
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Archaea: Essential Inhabitants of the Human Digestive Microbiota
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- Authors
- Zhang, H., DiBaise, J. K., Zuccolo, A., Kudrna, D., Braidotti, M., Yu, Y., Parameswaran, P., Crowell, M. D., Wing, R., Rittmann, B. E., & Krajmalnik-Brown, R.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-02-17
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2365-2370
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2629490
- OpenAlex
- W2084793748
- Cited by
- 1,880
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 138 · 2018: 136 · 2017: 138 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 128 · 2012: 104
- FWCI
- 38.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, obesity, morbid obesity, gastric bypass, bariatric surgery, Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, Prevotellaceae, hydrogen-producing bacteria, Methanobacteriales, interspecies hydrogen transfer, energy metabolism, microbial community structure, 16S rRNA gene sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Archaea, Female, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Molecular Sequence Data, Obesity, Postoperative Complications, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Gastric Bypass, Body Mass Index, Sequence Analysis, DNA
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