Cited by 423Thermoregulation and physiological responsesSports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Fluid and fuel intake during exercise

Coyle, Edward F·2004·Journal of Sports Sciences

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Abstract

The amounts of water, carbohydrate and salt that athletes are advised to ingest during exercise are based upon their effectiveness in attenuating both fatigue as well as illness due to hyperthermia, dehydration or hyperhydration. When possible, fluid should be ingested at rates that most closely match sweating rate. When that is not possible or practical or sufficiently ergogenic, some athletes might tolerate body water losses amounting to 2% of body weight without significant risk to physical well-being or performance when the environment is cold (e.g. 5-10 degrees C) or temperate (e.g. 21-22 degrees C). However, when exercising in a hot environment ( > 30 degrees C), dehydration by 2% of body weight impairs absolute power production and predisposes individuals to heat injury. Fluid should not be ingested at rates in excess of sweating rate and thus body water and weight should not increase during exercise. Fatigue can be reduced by adding carbohydrate to the fluids consumed so that 30-60 g of rapidly absorbed carbohydrate are ingested throughout each hour of an athletic event. Furthermore, sodium should be included in fluids consumed during exercise lasting longer than 2 h or by individuals during any event that stimulates heavy sodium loss (more than 3-4 g of sodium). Athletes do not benefit by ingesting glycerol, amino acids or alleged precursors of neurotransmitter. Ingestion of other substances during exercise, with the possible exception of caffeine, is discouraged. Athletes will benefit the most by tailoring their individual needs for water, carbohydrate and salt to the specific challenges of their sport, especially considering the environment's impact on sweating and heat stress.

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Authors: Coyle, E. F.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Coyle, Edward F
ORCID: Coyle, Edward F
Venue: Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-01
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-55
ISSN: 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
1466-447X
DOI: 10.1080/0264041031000140545
OpenAlex: W2145009312
Cited by: 423
References: 154
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 7.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: fluid intake, carbohydrate intake, sodium intake, dehydration, hyperthermia, sweat rate, heat injury, fatigue, endurance exercise, hot environment, cold environment, caffeine, glycerol, amino acids, electrolyte replacement
MeSH terms: Body Temperature Regulation, Dehydration, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fluid Therapy, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Physical Endurance, Time Factors, Exercise, Rehydration Solutions, Muscle Fatigue

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