Normative data for regional sweat sodium concentration and whole-body sweating rate in athletes
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for regional sweat sodium concentration ([Na+]) and whole-body sweating rate in athletes. Data from 506 athletes (367 adults, 139 youth; 404 male, 102 female) were compiled from observational athlete testing for a retrospective analysis. The participants were skill/team-sport (including American football, baseball, basketball, soccer and tennis) and endurance (including cycling, running and triathlon) athletes exercising in cool to hot environmental conditions (15-50 °C) during training or competition in the laboratory or field. A standardised regional absorbent patch technique was used to determine sweat [Na+] on the dorsal mid-forearm. Whole-body sweat [Na+] was predicted using a published regression equation (y = 0.57x+11.05). Whole-body sweating rate was calculated from pre- to post-exercise change in body mass, corrected for fluid/food intake (ad libitum) and urine output. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (range). Forearm sweat [Na+] and predicted whole-body sweat [Na+] were 43.6 ± 18.2 (12.6-104.8) mmol · L(-1) and 35.9 ± 10.4 (18.2-70.8) mmol · L(-1), respectively. Absolute and relative whole-body sweating rates were 1.21 ± 0.68 (0.26-5.73) L · h(-1) and 15.3 ± 6.8 (3.3-69.7) ml · kg(-1) · h(-1), respectively. This retrospective analysis provides normative data for athletes' forearm and predicted whole-body sweat [Na+] as well as absolute and relative whole-body sweating rate across a range of sports and environmental conditions.
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Replacing Na+ and Cl− levels after high-intensity situations is instrumental in maintaining electrolyte balance due to their role in stimulating hydration.
“Replacing Na+ and Cl− levels after high-intensity situations is instrumental in maintaining electrolyte balance due to their role in stimulating hydration.29–31”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Baker, L. B., Barnes, K. A., Anderson, M. L., Passe, D. H., & Stofan, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, Lindsay B.
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-06-12
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 358-368
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W1560192318
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- sweat sodium concentration, athletes, reference values, endurance athletes, team sports, ambient temperature, fluid balance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Forearm, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Retrospective Studies, Sodium, Sports, Sweat, Sweating, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Young Adult
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