The behaviour of police officers in conflict situations: how burnout and reduced dominance contribute to better outcomes
Abstract
Dominance plays an important part in police-civilian interactions. However, burnout is associated with a reduction in dominance, and this might, paradoxically, lead to more effective outcomes in conflict situations. There is a lack of knowledge about the effects of burnout in professional practice, and this multi-method study was conducted to better understand these dynamics. It is unique in that it combined self-reported burnout with observed behaviour in interactions with civilians. In this study, the relationships between the imbalance between demands and rewards, occupational burnout and police officers’ behaviour in conflict situations (in terms of dominance and effectiveness) were examined. A questionnaire was used to assess job demands, rewards and burnout among 358 Dutch police officers. In addition, police officers’ interactions with civilians were observed over 122 days. The results of structural equation modelling analyses showed that the imbalance between job demands and rewards was predictive of burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization). Burnout, in its turn, predicted a decrease in dominant behaviour in conflict situations and, consequently, more effective conflict outcomes. These findings show that reduced dominance associated with burnout could in fact have positive consequences for professional behaviour in conflict situations. The benefits of reduced dominance in these situations should be taken into account in the training of professionals.
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Studies have revealed that burnout decreases self-protective behaviors and increases aggressive behaviors.
“As studies have revealed that burnout decreases self-protective behaviors and increases aggressive behaviors (Euwema et al., 2004; Queirós et al., 2013; Ellrich, 2016)”
From Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (2020) · cites this paper as Euwema et al., 2004
In Euwema et al. (2004), avoidance coping style increased burnout, and job tenure decreased it.
“Avoidance coping style increased burnout, and job tenure decreased it.”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Euwema et al. (2004)
In Euwema et al. (2004), job demands and rewards imbalance (lack of reciprocity) showed positive correlations with EE and DP.
“Job demands and rewards imbalance (lack of reciprocity) showed positive correlatiopns with EE and DP.”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Euwema et al. (2004)
In Euwema et al. (2004), sex and marital status showed no significance.
“Sex and marital status showed no significance.”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Euwema et al. (2004)
Effort-reward imbalance is a risk factor for burnout in police officers.
“Imbalance between effort-reward was also consistently reported as a risk factor for burnout (Euwema et al., 2004; Violanti et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019)”
From Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout in police officers: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as Euwema et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Euwema *, M. C., Kop, N., & Bakker, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University
- Politieacademie (NL)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- ORCID
- Bakker, Arnold B.
- Venue
- Work & Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-38
- ISSN
- 0267-8373 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5335
- OpenAlex
- W2128334888
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Work & Stress (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Emotional Labor in Professions
- Keywords
- occupational burnout, police officers, police-citizen relations, dominance, conflict situations, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, police behavior, conflict outcomes, police training
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