The DOI matches its Crossref record; 210 of the 213 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measures of emotion: A review
Open accessAbstract
A consensual, componential model of emotions conceptualises them as experiential, physiological, and behavioural responses to personally meaningful stimuli. The present review examines this model in terms of whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system, how such responses are structured, and if such responses converge across different response systems. Across response systems, the bulk of the available evidence favours the idea that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states. In addition, experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance, which in turn limits the magnitude of convergence across measures. Accordingly, the authors suggest that there is no "gold standard" measure of emotional responding. Rather, experiential, physiological, and behavioural measures are all relevant to understanding emotion and cannot be assumed to be interchangeable.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Different discrete emotion categories are not distinguished by distinct patterns of peripheral physiology (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Mauss & Robinson 2009), facial muscle movements (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003), vocal acoustics (Bachorowski & Owren 1995; Barrett 2006a; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003) or by subcortical circuits in the mammalian brain (”
From The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review (2012) · cites this paper as Mauss & Robinson 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“An important reason to focus on the physiology of emotional experience and expression along with consideration of emotional language is the well-documented imprecision inherent in self-report instruments for such experiences (Harmon-Jones et al., 2016;Mauss and Robinson, 2009).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Mauss and Robinson, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Clinical cases like these, substantiated by abundant scientific evidence (e.g. [51–54]), teach us that our mind is made up of a constellation of agents that are, in principle, separable and rely on semi-independent circuits.”
From Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories (2018) · cites this paper as [53]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27734-000 · Cited by 6,019
Constants across cultures in the face and emotion.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030377 · Cited by 5,509
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions
Panksepp, J. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195096736.001.0001 · Cited by 4,428
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813 · Cited by 4,273
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- 10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.397 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-94-015-8484-5_29 · DOI
- Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- 10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349 · DOI
- Izard , C. E. 1971 . The face of emotion , East Norwalk, CT : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
- Johnstone , T. and Scherer , K. R. 2000 . “ Vocal communication of emotion ” . In Handbook of Emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J. M. 220 – 235 . New York : Guilford Press .
- 10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372 · DOI
- 10.5040/9798216383819 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.310 · DOI
- 10.1037/0003-066X.48.11.1117 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–120 of 120
Was Darwin Wrong About Emotional Expressions?
Barrett, L. F. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411429125 · Cited by 150
Is the Putative Mirror Neuron System Associated with Empathy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bekkali, S., Youssef, G. J., Donaldson, P. H., Albein-Urios, N., Hyde, C., & Enticott, P. G. (2021) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09452-6 · Cited by 128
Physiological evidence of interpersonal dynamics in a cooperative production task
Mønster, D., Håkonsson, D. D., Eskildsen, J. K., & Wallot, S. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.004 · Cited by 134
Outstanding Challenges in Scientific Research on Mindfulness and Meditation
Davidson, R. J., & Dahl, C. J. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617718358 · Cited by 123
Are emotional clarity and emotion differentiation related?
Boden, M. T., Thompson, R. J., Dizén, M., Berenbaum, H., & Baker, J. P. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.751899 · Cited by 126
Mascaro, J. S., Florian, M. P., Ash, M. J., Palmer, P. K., Frazier, T., Condon, P., & Raison, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547241 · Cited by 118
Visser, R. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Henson, R. N., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0209 · Cited by 95
Rudzicz, F., Wang, R., Begum, M., & Mihailidis, A. (2015) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/2744206 · Cited by 83
A Multi-Domain Adaptive Graph Convolutional Network for EEG-based Emotion Recognition
Li, R., Wang, Y., & Lu, B.-L. (2021) · Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia · doi:10.1145/3474085.3475697 · Cited by 73
Visser, R. M., Kunze, A. E., Westhoff, B., Scholte, H. S., & Kindt, M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.021 · Cited by 52
Maternal and adolescent distress tolerance: the moderating role of gender
Daughters, S. B., Gorka, S. M., Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034991 · Cited by 40
Induction of conditioned avoidance via mental imagery
Krypotos, A.-M., Mertens, G., Leer, A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103652 · Cited by 36
Emotion assessment using Machine Learning and low-cost wearable devices
Laureanti, R., Bilucaglia, M., Zito, M., Circi, R., Fici, A., Rivetti, F., Valesi, R., Oldrini, C., Mainardi, L. T., & Russo, V. (2020) · 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175221 · Cited by 33
Daniel, K. E., Baee, S., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22970 · Cited by 30
Bodily Maps of Emotion in Major Depressive Disorder
Lyons, N., Strasser, A., Beitz, B., Teismann, T., Ostermann, T., Anderle, L., & Michalak, J. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10195-0 · Cited by 26
A meta-analysis of the effect of substance use interventions on emotion outcomes.
Kang, D., Fairbairn, C. E., & Ariss, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000450 · Cited by 25
Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams
Rivera‐García, A. P., López Ruiz, I. E., Ramírez‐Salado, I., González‐Olvera, J. J., Ayala‐Guerrero, F., & Jiménez‐Anguiano, A. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12716 · Cited by 15
Shared Reality Can Reduce Stressor Reactivity
Goldring, M. R., Pinelli, F., Bolger, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853750 · Cited by 11
Seinsche, R. J., Fricke, S., Neudert, M. K., Zimmer, R. I., Stark, R., & Hermann, A. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000539402 · Cited by 6
Towards a Human-Centered Approach for VRET Systems: Case Study for Acrophobia
Bălan, O., Cristea, Ș., Moldoveanu, A., Moise, G., Leordeanu, M., & Moldoveanu, F. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49644-9_11 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Mauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- North Dakota State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mauss, Iris B.
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-237
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC2756702
- OpenAlex
- W2001097956
- Cited by
- 2,078
- References
- 213
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 158 · 2018: 158 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 6.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG031967)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- emotion measurement, physiological responses, behavioral responses, response systems, convergence of measures, affective domain, emotional state
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
