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Measures of emotion: A review
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A consensual, componential model of emotions conceptualises them as experiential, physiological, and behavioural responses to personally meaningful stimuli. The present review examines this model in terms of whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system, how such responses are structured, and if such responses converge across different response systems. Across response systems, the bulk of the available evidence favours the idea that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states. In addition, experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance, which in turn limits the magnitude of convergence across measures. Accordingly, the authors suggest that there is no "gold standard" measure of emotional responding. Rather, experiential, physiological, and behavioural measures are all relevant to understanding emotion and cannot be assumed to be interchangeable.
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“Different discrete emotion categories are not distinguished by distinct patterns of peripheral physiology (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Mauss & Robinson 2009), facial muscle movements (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003), vocal acoustics (Bachorowski & Owren 1995; Barrett 2006a; Russell, Bachorowski & Fernandez-Dols 2003) or by subcortical circuits in the mammalian brain (”
From The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review (2012) · cites this paper as Mauss & Robinson 2009
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“An important reason to focus on the physiology of emotional experience and expression along with consideration of emotional language is the well-documented imprecision inherent in self-report instruments for such experiences (Harmon-Jones et al., 2016;Mauss and Robinson, 2009).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Mauss and Robinson, 2009
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“Clinical cases like these, substantiated by abundant scientific evidence (e.g. [51–54]), teach us that our mind is made up of a constellation of agents that are, in principle, separable and rely on semi-independent circuits.”
From Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories (2018) · cites this paper as [53]
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“…natural kinds (e.g., Bachorowski & Owren 1995; Barrett 2006b; Barrett et al. 2007a; Barrett et al. 2011; Cacioppo et al. 2000; Ortony & Turner 1990; Mauss & Robinson 2009; Russell et al. 2003), while at the same time being broadly consistent with a psychological construction approach to emotion…”
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“Mauss and Robinson (2009) reviewed measures of emotion, dividing them into experiential (typically, self-reported emotional experience), physiological (e.g., heart rate, EEG), and behavioral (typically, observer ratings of emotional expression) measures.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- North Dakota State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mauss, Iris B.
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-237
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC2756702
- OpenAlex
- W2001097956
- Cited by
- 2,078
- References
- 213
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 158 · 2018: 158 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 6.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG031967)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- emotion measurement, physiological responses, behavioral responses, response systems, convergence of measures, affective domain, emotional state
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