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Cited by 2,179Emotion and Mood RecognitionEmotions and Moral BehaviorAesthetic Perception and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Emotion elicitation using films

Gross, James J., Levenson, Robert W.·1995·Cognition & Emotion
DOI 10.1080/02699939508408966
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Abstract

Researchers interested in emotion have long struggled with the problem of how to elicit emotional responses in the laboratory. In this article, we summarise five years of work to develop a set of films that reliably elicit each of eight emotional states (amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, neutral, sadness, and surprise). After evaluating over 250 films, we showed selected film clips to an ethnically diverse sample of 494 English-speaking subjects. We then chose the two best films for each of the eight target emotions based on the intensity and discreteness of subjects' responses to each film. We found that our set of 16 films successfully elicited amusement, anger, contentment. disgust, sadness, surprise, a relatively neutral state, and, to a lesser extent, fear. We compare this set of films with another set recently described by Philippot (1993), and indicate that detailed instructions for creating our set of film stimuli will be provided on request.

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Crossref · 10.1080/02699939508408966

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

Cites

Show all 9 references

Research works printed but not linked: 38

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  2. Benton R., 1979, Kramer Versus Kramer [Film]
  3. 10.1098/rstb.1983.0062 · DOI
  4. Bregman M., 1989, Sea of Love [Film]
  5. Brown W. A., 1977, American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 930, 10.1176/ajp.134.8.930 · DOI
  6. Devlin D., 1980, My Bodyguard [Film]
  7. Disney W., 1942, Bambi [Film]
  8. 10.1037/h0077722 · DOI
  9. 10.2190/PF4F-W447-AYPL-8BAD · DOI
  10. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb01298.x · DOI
  11. 10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.221 · DOI · Paper page
  12. 10.1016/0301-0511(90)90079-C · DOI
  13. Izard C. E., 1974, The Differential Emotions Scale: A method of measuring the meaning of subjective experience of discrete emotions
  14. Kubrick S., 1980, The Shining [Film]
  15. La France M., 1992, Review of personality and social psychology, 178
  16. Lang P. J., 1988, The international affective picture system (photographic slides)
  17. Lazarus P., 1978, Capricorn One [Film]
  18. Lazarus R. S., 1962, Psychological Monographs, 76, 10.1037/h0093861 · DOI
  19. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x · DOI · Paper page
  20. Lovell D., 1979, The Champ [Film]
  21. 10.2307/1422552 · DOI
  22. 10.1007/BF00998191 · DOI
  23. 10.1016/0022-1031(79)90035-0 · DOI
  24. Morra B., 1986, Robin Williams Live [Film]
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  27. 10.1007/BF00429414 · DOI
  28. 10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.803 · DOI
  29. Reiner R., 1989, When Harry Met Sally [Film]
  30. Saxon E., 1991, Silence of the Lambs [Film]
  31. Shields S. A., 1991, International review of studies on emotion, 1, 227
  32. Spencer N., 1987, Cry Freedom [Film]
  33. 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1982.tb01491.x · DOI
  34. 10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1519 · DOI
  35. 10.1002/1097-4679(198411)40:6<1318::AID-JCLP2270400606>3.0.CO;2-7 · DOI
  36. 10.1016/0005-7967(68)90028-4 · DOI
  37. 10.1007/BF00995547 · DOI
  38. Waters J., 1973, Pink Flamingos [Film]

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Metadata

Authors
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W.
Affiliations
University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID
Venue
Cognition & Emotion
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
1995-01
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
87-108
ISSN
  • 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
  • 1464-0600
DOI
10.1080/02699939508408966
OpenAlex
W2168031754
Cited by
2,179
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 64 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 130 · 2012: 98
FWCI
12.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Keywords
emotion induction, basic emotions, emotional state, amusements, anger, contentment, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, stimulus selection

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