Stress and Perception of Emotional Stimuli: Long-Term Stress Rewiring the Brain
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Long-term stressful situations can drastically influence one's mental life. However, the effect of mental stress on recognition of emotional stimuli needs to be explored. In this study, recognition of emotional stimuli in a stressful situation was investigated. Four emotional conditions, including positive and negative states in both low and high levels of arousal were analyzed. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy right-handed university students were recruited within or after examination period. Participants' stress conditions were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14). All participants were exposed to some audio-visual emotional stimuli while their brains responses' were measured using the Electroencephalography (EEG) technique. During the experiment, the subject's perception of emotional stimuli is evaluated using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) questionnaire. After recording, EEG signatures of emotional states were estimated from connectivity patterns among 8 brain regions. Connectivity patterns were calculated using Phase Slope Index (PSI), Directed Transfer Function (DTF), and Generalized Partial Direct Coherence (GPDC) methods. The EEG-based connectivity features were then labeled with SAM responses. Subsequently, the labeled features were categorized using two different classifiers. Classification accuracy of the system was validated by leave-one-out method. RESULTS: As expected, performance of the system is significantly improved by grouping the subjects to stressed and stress-free groups. EEG-based connectivity pattern was influenced by mental stress level. CONCLUSION: Changes in connectivity patterns related to long-term mental stress have overlapped with changes caused by emotional stimuli. Interestingly, these changes are detectable from EEG data in eyes-closed condition.
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Initially, physiological changes from stress may be adaptive, but if the stressor persists and the maladaptive state continues, these changes can become detrimental.
“Initially, these physiological changes may be adaptive, helping the body to cope with immediate threats. However, if the stressor persists and the maladaptive state continues, these changes can become detrimental.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
The brain's structural and functional plasticity allows it to adapt to stressful and diverse experiences through mechanisms such as neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover.
“The brain’s remarkable structural and functional plasticity allows it to adapt to stressful and diverse experiences through mechanisms such as neuronal replacement, dendritic remodeling, and synapse turnover.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
Neural imbalance influences systemic physiology through neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune, and metabolic pathways.
“This neural imbalance influences systemic physiology through neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune, and metabolic pathways.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
The brain plays a pivotal role in perceiving and responding to stress, acting as the primary organ that assesses threats and orchestrates both behavioral and physiological responses.
“The brain plays a pivotal role in perceiving and responding to stress, acting as the primary organ that assesses threats and orchestrates both behavioral and physiological responses.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
Stress can disrupt the neural circuits that govern cognition, decision-making, anxiety, and mood, leading to alterations in behavior and emotional states.
“Stress can disrupt the neural circuits that govern cognition, decision-making, anxiety, and mood, leading to alterations in behavior and emotional states.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
The brain's dual role facilitates adaptation (allostasis), but can also lead to pathological conditions when the system is overburdened, resulting in allostatic load or overload.
“This dual role facilitates adaptation, a process known as allostasis, but can also lead to pathological conditions when the system is overburdened, resulting in allostatic load or overload.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
Stimuli are perceived by our minds as threatening.
“Stimuli are perceived by our minds as threatening.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
Chronic stress-induced neural alterations may necessitate intervention, combining pharmacological treatments and behavioral therapies to restore balance and promote recovery.
“Chronic stress-induced neural alterations may necessitate intervention, combining pharmacological treatments and behavioral therapies to restore balance and promote recovery [145,146,147].”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
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- Authors
- Khosrowabadi, R., & Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, S. B. U.
- Affiliations
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Khosrowabadi, Reza
- ORCID
- Khosrowabadi, Reza
- Venue
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal
- Publisher
- Negah Scientific Publisher
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-120
- ISSN
- 2008-126X (ISSN-L)
- 2228-7442
- PMC
- PMC6026093
- OpenAlex
- W2792590283
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- EEG connectivity, brain reorganization, emotional arousal, positive and negative emotions, EEG-based emotion recognition, eyes-closed EEG
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