Cited by 932Indigenous Health, Education, and RightsRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

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The Historical Trauma Response Among Natives and Its Relationship with Substance Abuse: A Lakota Illustration

Heart, Maria Yellow Horse Brave·2003·Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

DOI 10.1080/02791072.2003.10399988

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Abstract

Historical trauma (HT) is cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations, emanating from massive group trauma experiences; the historical trauma response (HTR) is the constellation of features in reaction to this trauma. The HTR often includes depression, self-destructive behavior, suicidal thoughts and gestures, anxiety, low self-esteem, anger, and difficulty recognizing and expressing emotions. It may include substance abuse, often an attempt to avoid painful feelings through self-medication. Historical unresolved grief is the associated affect that accompanies HTR; this grief may be considered fixated, impaired, delayed, and/or disenfranchised. This article will explain HT theory and the HTR, delineate the features of the HTR and its grounding in the literature, offer specific Native examples of HT and HTR, and will suggest ways to incorporate HT theory in treatment, research and evaluation. The article will conclude with implications for all massively traumatized populations.

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Authors: Heart, M. Y. H. B.
Affiliations: University of Denver (US)
Corresponding author: Heart, Maria Yellow Horse Brave
Venue: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2003-03
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 7-13
ISSN: 0279-1072 (ISSN-L)
2159-9777
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2003.10399988
OpenAlex: W2018063740
Cited by: 932
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 89 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 5.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords: historical trauma, substance abuse, Lakota, Native Americans, self-medication, unresolved grief, disenfranchised grief, intergenerational trauma, depression, suicidal ideation, trauma-informed care
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcoholism, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Grief, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Middle Aged, Self Medication, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Transfer, Psychology, United States, Treatment Outcome, Intergenerational Relations, Secondary Prevention

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The Historical Trauma Response Among Natives and Its Relationship with Substance Abuse: A Lakota Illustration

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