Cited by 1,952Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

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How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

Chen, Henian, Cohen, Patricia, Chen, Sophie·2010·Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation

DOI 10.1080/03610911003650383

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Abstract

The odds ratio (OR) is probably the most widely used index of effect size in epidemiological studies. The difficulty of interpreting the OR has troubled many clinical researchers and epidemiologists for a long time. We propose a new method for interpreting the size of the OR by relating it to differences in a normal standard deviate. Our calculations indicate that OR = 1.68, 3.47, and 6.71 are equivalent to Cohen's d = 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.8 (large), respectively, when disease rate is 1% in the nonexposed group; Cohen's d < 0.2 when OR <1.5, and Cohen's d > 0.8 when OR > 5.

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10.1002/sim.1032 · DOI
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“With a power of 0.80 and a type I error set to 5%, the sample size required was approximately 634 for small effects and 145 for medium effects [27].”
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“…0.05 ≤ r < 0.1—very small 0.1 ≤ r < 0.2—small 0.2 ≤ r < 0.3—medium 0.3 ≤ r < 0.4—large r ≥ 0.4—very large We employed Odds Ratio by Chen et al. [69] for single effects with the subsequent bandwidth [70]: Exp(B) < 1.68—very small 1.68 ≤ Exp(B) < 3.47—small 3.47 ≤ Exp(B) < 6.71—medium Exp(B) ≥…”
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“The magnitude of effect sizes was considered small (OR = 1.68; β = 0.10–0.29), medium (OR = 3.47; β = 0.30–049), or large (OR = 6.71; β ≥ 0.50) (Chen et al., 2010; Cohen, 1988).”
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“However, the interpretation of the OR requires caution; despite its statistical signi ﬁ cance, the OR of 1.061 suggests a very weak association, representing only a slight uptick in injury risk with increased play-time (Chen et al., 2010).”
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“6 [13]) between parents who did and did not report side-effects from vaccination [10].”
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“Moreover, the odds ratio value of 1.12 suggests a very weak effect when considering an odds ratio value of 1.50 as the threshold for a small effect (Chen et al., 2010).”
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“Chen et al.’s (2010) criteria accommodate ORs ≥ 1 representing positive associations, but not ORs < 1 representing negative associations.”
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“For the odds ratio (OR) estimates from the logistic regressions, we used the descriptors of magnitude of OR provided by Chen et al. [37], based on a rate of cognitive impairment of 4% in a cognitively healthy group for the 4-test CII: OR = 1.0 to 1.49 as trivial to 1.5 as small, 1.6 to 2.7 as…”
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“The greater an e-value (e.g., OR > 5 indicating a large effect size; Chen et al. 2010), the greater the unmeasured confounding would need to be to explain away an exposure effect, hence the more robust the estimated exposure effect against unmeasured confounding.”
Background

Authors: Chen, H., Cohen, P., & Chen, S.
Affiliations: Winthrop-University Hospital (US)
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Health Canada (CA)
Corresponding author: Chen, Henian
ORCID: Chen, Henian
Chen, Sophie
Venue: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-03-31
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 860-864
ISSN: 0361-0918 (ISSN-L)
1532-4141
DOI: 10.1080/03610911003650383
OpenAlex: W2029059557
Cited by: 1,952
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 170 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 259 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 242 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 5.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: odds ratio, effect size interpretation, Cohen's d, standardized mean difference, disease incidence

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How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

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