Cited by 1,952Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

Chen, Henian, Cohen, Patricia, Chen, Sophie·2010·Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation

DOI 10.1080/03610911003650383

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The odds ratio (OR) is probably the most widely used index of effect size in epidemiological studies. The difficulty of interpreting the OR has troubled many clinical researchers and epidemiologists for a long time. We propose a new method for interpreting the size of the OR by relating it to differences in a normal standard deviate. Our calculations indicate that OR = 1.68, 3.47, and 6.71 are equivalent to Cohen's d = 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.8 (large), respectively, when disease rate is 1% in the nonexposed group; Cohen's d < 0.2 when OR <1.5, and Cohen's d > 0.8 when OR > 5.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/03610911003650383

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Applied logistic regression
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305
Applied Logistic Regression
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146 · Cited by 20,302
Statistics Notes: The odds ratio
Bland, J. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7247.1468 · Cited by 1,298
When can odds ratios mislead?
Davies, H. T. O., Crombie, I. K., & Tavakoli, M. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7136.989 · Cited by 991
Epidemiology Faces Its Limits: The search for subtle links between diet, lifestyle, or environmental factors and disease is an unending source of fear—but often yields little certainty
Taubes, G. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7618077 · Cited by 841
Appraising and Amending Theories: The Strategy of Lakatosian Defense and Two Principles that Warrant It
Meehl, P. E. (1990) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0102_1 · Cited by 673
Clinically useful measures of effect in binary analyses of randomized trials
Sinclair, J. C., & Bracken, M. B. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90191-0 · Cited by 271
When can odds ratios mislead?
Deeks, J. J., Bracken, M. B., Sinclair, J. C., Davies, H. T. O., Tavakoli, M., & Crombie, I. K. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7166.1155a · Cited by 225

Show all 20 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

10.1002/sim.1032 · DOI
Sackett D. L., 1996, Evid. Base. Med., 1, 164

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,000

Predictors of Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD: Results from the National Survey of Children's Health
Federico, A., Zgodic, A., Flory, K., Hantman, R. M., Eberth, J. M., Mclain, A. C., & Bradshaw, J. (2024) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101512 · Cited by 18
Spatial-spectral feature mining in hyperspectral corn leaf venation structure and its application in nitrogen content estimation
Song, Z., Wei, X., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., & Jin, J. (2024) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2024.109495 · Cited by 18
Nurses’ Self‐Efficacy, Job Embeddedness, and Psychological Empowerment: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Wang, X., Liu, M., Leung, A. Y. M., Zhang, J., Deng, R., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Dai, H.-X., Jin, X., & Shang, S. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/jonm/6259635 · Cited by 19
“We performed a two-sided test with a large efect size ( f 2 = 0.35) [41], setting alpha = 0.05 and sample size N = 3806.”
Influential
Men over women: The social transmission of gender stereotypes through spatial elevation
Lamer, S. A., & Max Weisbuch, A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103828 · Cited by 21
Self-Assessed Effects of Pornography Use on Personal Sex Life: Results from a Large-Scale Study of Norwegian Adults
Koletić, G., Štulhofer, A., Hald, G. M., & Træen, B. (2021) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.1918310 · Cited by 18
“According to recent guidelines, these effects should be interpreted as small in size, except for medium-sized effect for gender (Chen et al., 2010).”
Multicomponent Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Stable Angina: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Saeidifard, F., Wang, Y., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., Squires, R. W., Huang, H.-H., & Thomas, R. J. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes · doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.06.009 · Cited by 18
Prevalencia y factores de desgaste profesional en radiólogos durante la pandemia COVID-19
Oprisan, A. A. I., Arriagada, E. B., Baeza-Delgado, C., & Martí‐Bonmatí, L. (2021) · Radiología · doi:10.1016/j.rx.2021.09.003 · Cited by 18
The association between traumatic life events and insomnia symptoms among men and women: Results from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up study
Short, N. A., Austin, A. E., Wolfson, A. R., Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Munro, C. A., Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., & Spira, A. P. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.11.008 · Cited by 18
Situational judgement test performance and subsequent misconduct in medical students
Tiffin, P. A., Sanger, E., Smith, D. T., Troughton, A., & Paton, L. W. (2022) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14801 · Cited by 19
The effect of mobile phone use at night on the sleep of pre-adolescent (8-11 year), early adolescent (12-14 year) and late adolescent (15-18 year) children: A study of 252,195 Australian children
Correa, V. S., Centofanti, S. A., Dorrian, J., Wicking, A., Wicking, P., & Lushington, K. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.02.004 · Cited by 19
The effects of U.S. county and state income inequality on self-reported happiness and health are equivalent to zero
Sommet, N., & Elliot, A. J. (2022) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-022-03137-8 · Cited by 20
Goals for the Undergraduate Instructional Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory When Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences Are Implemented: A National Survey
Connor, M. C., Pratt, J. M., & Raker, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00267 · Cited by 18
Participation in Competitive Sports Closes Gender Gaps in Competition and in Risk Taking
Willinger, M., Dubois, D., & Bravaccini, S. (2022) · Journal of Sports Economics · doi:10.1177/15270025221108189 · Cited by 18
“The odds ratio for choosing the tournament was 4.25, a value which corresponds to an effect size between medium and large (Chen et al., 2010)12.”
BackgroundInfluential
Acceptability of a Pain History Assessment and Education Chatbot (Dolores) Across Age Groups in Populations With Chronic Pain: Development and Pilot Testing
Andrews, N. E., Ireland, D., Vijayakumar, P., Burvill, L., Hay, E., Westerman, D., Rose, T., Schlumpf, M., Strong, J., & Claus, A. P. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/47267 · Cited by 18
Comparative hazards of acute myocardial infarction among hospitalized patients with methamphetamine- or cocaine-use disorders: A retrospective cohort study
Callaghan, R. C., Halliday, M., Gatley, J. M., Sykes, J. R., Taylor, L., Benny, C., & Kish, S. J. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.030 · Cited by 18
Case-Control Studies
Irony, T. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12115 · Cited by 18
Multimorbidity of overweight and obesity alongside anxiety and depressive disorders in individuals with spinal cord injury
Graupensperger, S. A., Sweet, S. N., & Evans, M. B. (2018) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2018.1507801 · Cited by 20
Long-term intergenerational transmission of memories of the Vajont disaster.
Raccanello, D., Gobbo, C., Corona, L., Bona, G., Hall, R., & Burro, R. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000528 · Cited by 24
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Roles of Bullying Involvement, Frustration Intolerance, and Hostility
Liu, T., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Chou, W., & Yen, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157829 · Cited by 28
“Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were used to represent statistical significance and effect sizes of the variables in the logistic regression analysis [71].”
Method
Shared education as a contact-based intervention to improve intergroup relations among adolescents in postconflict Northern Ireland.
Reimer, N. K., Hughes, J., Blaylock, D., Donnelly, C., Wölfer, R., & Hewstone, M. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001274 · Cited by 19
Red and Processed Meat Intake, Polygenic Risk Score, and Colorectal Cancer Risk
Chen, X., Hoffmeister, M., & Brenner, H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14051077 · Cited by 18
“risk factors is so complex that traditional measures like odds ratios (ORs), which are hard to communicate even for risk factor main effects [9,10], might be of very limited use in this context.”
Background
Gazing Past the Gaps: A Growth-Based Assessment of the Mathematics Achievement of Black Girls
Young, J. L., Young, J., & Capraro, R. M. (2017) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-017-0434-9 · Cited by 19
Immediate effects of cervical mobilisations on global perceived effect, movement associated pain and neck kinematics in patients with non-specific neck pain. A double blind placebo randomised controlled trial
Lascurain‐Aguirrebeña, I., Newham, D. J., Casado-Zumeta, X., Lertxundi, A., & Critchley, D. (2018) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2018.10.003 · Cited by 18
The shared features principle: If two objects share a feature, people assume those objects also share other features.
Hughes, S., Houwer, J. D., Mattavelli, S., & Hussey, I. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000777 · Cited by 18
A brief pc-based hazard prediction training program improves young novice drivers' hazard perception skills compared to a control group over time
van der Kint, S., van Schagen, I., Vlakveld, W. P., Mons, C., de Zwart, R., & Hoekstra, A. (2024) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2024.02.007 · Cited by 17
The Long-Term Consequences of Family Violence Victimization: An Umbrella Review of Longitudinal Meta-Analyses on Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence
Burghart, M., & Backhaus, S. (2024) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00768-y · Cited by 24
“However, from a pure statistical perspective, the long-term consequences are small (Chen et al., 2010).”
Multilingualism protects against accelerated aging in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 27 European countries
Amoruso, L., Hernandez, H., Santamaría‐García, H. A., Moguilner, S., Legaz, A., Prado, P., Cuadros, J., Gonzalez, L., González-Gómez, R., Migeot, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-01000-2 · Cited by 18
Nonverbal rhetoric: 2- to 4-year-old children select relevant evidence when trying to influence others.
Mascaro, O., Aguirre, M., Brun, M., Couderc, A., & Mercier, H. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000779 · Cited by 17
Eyewitness identifications after witnessing threatening and non-threatening scenes in 360-degree virtual reality (or 2D) from first and third person perspectives
Nyman, T. J., Antfolk, J., Lampinen, J. M., Korkman, J., & Santtila, P. O. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238292 · Cited by 22
Association of Leisure-Time Physical Activity With Health-Related Quality of Life Among US Lung Cancer Survivors
Ha, D. M., Prochazka, A. V., Bekelman, D. B., Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E., Chan, E. D., & Keith, R. L. (2020) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkaa118 · Cited by 17
“05) to detect at least a 2-fold increased odds [moderate effect size (35)] of better healthrelated QoL among those who engaged in LTPA compared with No LTPA, we would need at least 402 participants.”
Background
Child maltreatment investigations and substantiations in child protection services: Factors distinguishing children with intellectual disabilities
Sablonnière-Griffin, M. D. L., Paquette, G., Hélie, S., & Dion, J. (2021) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101128 · Cited by 17
Examining multiple features of episodic future thinking and episodic memory among suicidal adults
Christine, B. W., Robinaugh, D. J., Schacter, D. L., Altheimer, G., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Kearns, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12826 · Cited by 21
Trajectories of suicidal ideation following separation from military service: Overall trends and group differences.
Hoffmire, C. A., Borowski, S., Griffin, B. J., Maguen, S., & Vogt, D. S. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.12831 · Cited by 18
Prevalence of burnout syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors
Oprisan, A. A. I., Arriagada, E. B., Baeza-Delgado, C., & Martí‐Bonmatí, L. (2022) · Radiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rxeng.2021.09.009 · Cited by 17
Consumer Perspectives on the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technology and Automation in Crisis Support Services: Mixed Methods Study
Ma, J. S., O’Riordan, M., Mazzer, K., Batterham, P. J., Bradford, S., Kõlves, K., Titov, N., Klein, B., & Rickwood, D. (2022) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/34514 · Cited by 20
Impact of a First-Year Place-Based Learning Community on STEM Students’ Academic Achievement in their Second, Third, and Fourth Years
Johnson, M. D., Margell, S. T., Goldenberg, K., Palomera, R., & Sprowles, A. E. (2022) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-022-09616-7 · Cited by 17
“We interpret small effects as Hedges’ g and Cox’s d value of 0.2–0.49, and large effects as values >0.8, with medium effect sizes in between these values (Chen et al., 2010).”
MethodInfluential
Psychosocial factors associated with anxiety and depression in adolescents with epilepsy: A systematic review
Temple, J., Fisher, P., Davies, C., Millar, C., & Cherry, M. G. (2023) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109522 · Cited by 17
“Correlation coefficient values of ≤ 0.3, 0.4 to 0.6, and ≥ 0.7, and OR values of ≤ 1.68, 1.69 to 3.47, and ≥ 6.7 were interpreted as weak, moderate and strong, respectively [42,43].”
BackgroundInfluential
Factors Explaining the Willingness of Small-Scale Private Forest Owners to Engage in Forestry—A German Case Study
Stockmann, J., Franz, K., Seintsch, B., & Neitzel, C. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15020319 · Cited by 17
Social functioning in schizotypy: How affect influences social behavior in daily life
Minor, K. S., Hardin, K. L., Abel, D. B., Waters, L. C., White, A. L., Gonzenbach, V., & Robbins, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23010 · Cited by 17
“To test hypotheses using social behaviors as outcome variables (see Sections 3.2 and 3.4), it was estimated that sample sizes of 34 and 21 per group were adequately powered to detect medium and large effects, respectively, using standards outlined by Chen, Cohen, and Chen (2010).”
MethodInfluential
The Relevance of Certain Case Characteristics in the Successful Prosecution of Child Sexual Abuse Cases in Indonesia
Sumampouw, N. E. J., Otgaar, H., & de Ruiter, C. (2020) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2020.1801930 · Cited by 22
Clinical Profile and Long-Term Outcome in Neonatal Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis
Herman, I., Karakas, C., Webber, T. A., Kralik, S. F., Takacs, D. S., Fisher, K. S., Edmondson, E., Riviello, J. J., Clark, G., & Pehli̇van, D. (2021) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.05.001 · Cited by 17
Health-Related Lifestyle Profiles in Healthy Adults: Associations with Sociodemographic Indicators, Dispositional Optimism, and Sense of Coherence
Adorni, R., Zanatta, F., D’Αddario, M., Atella, F., Costantino, E., Iaderosa, C., Petarle, G., & Steca, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113778 · Cited by 18
Child maltreatment severity, chronic substance abuse, and disability status.
O’Sullivan, D., Watts, J. R., & Shenk, C. E. (2018) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000196 · Cited by 18
Visual statistical learning in children with and without DLD and its relation to literacy in children with DLD
Lammertink, I. L., Boersma, P., Rispens, J., & Wijnen, F. N. K. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10018-4 · Cited by 17
Learning trajectories towards strategy proficiency in multi-digit division – A latent transition analysis of strategy and error profiles
Schulz, A. L., & Leuders, T. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.04.014 · Cited by 16
Children’s Psychological Representation of Earthquakes: Analysis of Written Definitions and Rasch Scaling
Raccanello, D., Vicentini, G., & Burro, R. (2019) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences9050208 · Cited by 17
Moving to a Continuing Care Retirement Community or Staying in the Community? A Comparison Between American and Israeli Older Adults
Shinan‐Altman, S., Gum, A. M., & Ayalon, L. (2019) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464819879015 · Cited by 16
“The effect sizes for attitudes toward CCRC and wellbeing were large (Chen et al., 2010), whereas the effect size for subjective future health was medium (Chen et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Aided by Extant Data: The Effect of Peer Mentoring on Achievement for College Students with Disabilities.
Lombardi, A. R., Rifenbark, G. G., Monahan, J. L., Tarconish, E. J., & Rhoads, C. H. (2020) · The Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability · Cited by 16
Community expectations and anticipated outcomes for crisis support services—Lifeline Australia
Ma, J. S., Batterham, P. J., Kõlves, K., Woodward, A., Bradford, S., Klein, B., Titov, N., Mazzer, K., O’Riordan, M., & Rickwood, D. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13557 · Cited by 16
Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Symptom Checker Apps in Primary Health Care (CHECK.APP): Protocol for an Interdisciplinary Mixed Methods Study
Wetzel, A.-J., Koch, R., Preiser, C., Mueller, R., Klemmt, M., Ranisch, R., Ehni, H.-J., Wiesing, U., Rieger, M. A., Henking, T., et al. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/34026 · Cited by 15
“The targeted odds ratio corresponds to a small-to-medium effect of Cohen d [48] and was selected because we consider that this will be an effect size that contributes a meaningful explanation of variance in the logistic regression.”
Background
Sexual assault and harassment (SAH) victimization disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual Chinese youth
Li, M. N., Zhou, X., Cao, W., & Tang, K. (2022) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12511 · Cited by 16
Strengths and vulnerabilities: Comparing post-9/11 U.S. veterans’ and non-veterans’ perceptions of health and broader well-being
Vogt, D. S., Borowski, S. C., Maguen, S., Blosnich, J. R., Hoffmire, C. A., Bernhard, P. A., Iverson, K. M., & Schneiderman, A. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101201 · Cited by 16
“4 risk ratios (aRRs), with practically meaningful differences identified using Chen’s criteria for at least a small effect, which varies based on predictor prevalence (Chen et al., 2010), and statistical significance defined with a Bonferroni-corrected p-value of <.”
Method
Physical activity and body mass index were interactively related to health-related quality of life among older adults
Chen, S., Ling, J., & Cheng, Y. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2022.104833 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
Clinical Features of COVID-19, Dengue, and Influenza among Adults Presenting to Emergency Departments and Urgent Care Clinics—Puerto Rico, 2012–2021
Wong, J. M., Volkman, H. R., Adams, L. E., García, C. O., Martinez-Quiñones, A., Pérez‐Padilla, J., Bertrán‐Pasarell, J., de la Peña, D. S., Tosado-Acevedo, R., Santiago, G. A., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.22-0149 · Cited by 16
“01) Neurologic Disoriented or confused 38 (14) 13 (22) 1.”
Background
Troubled times: Canadian social workers’ early adversities, mental health, and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Alaggia, R., O’Connor, C., Fuller‐Thomson, E., & West, K. J. (2023) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/00208728221144380 · Cited by 19
“As a point of reference, we used Chen et al. (2010) thresholds for interpretation of effect size for logistic regression: for odds less than 1, 0.60, 0.29, and 0.15 indicate small, medium, and large effects, respectively; and for odds greater than 1, 1.68, 3.47, and 6.71 indicate small, medium, and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Does success breed success? An investigation of momentum in elite recurve archery
Zhao, Y., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102397 · Cited by 16
Uncovering Brain Network Insights for Prognosis in Disorders of Consciousness: EEG Source Space Analysis and Brain Dynamics
Hao, Z., Xia, X., Pan, Y., Bai, Y., Wang, Y., Peng, B., & Dou, W. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2023.3346947 · Cited by 16
“The effect size for each feature was measured using the odds ratio (OR; small: 1.68/0.60; medium: 3.47/0.29; large: 6.71/0.15 [50]).”
MethodInfluential
On the reliability of value-modulated attentional capture: An online replication and multiverse analysis
Garre-Frutos, F., Vadillo, M. A., González, F., & Lupiáñez, J. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02329-5 · Cited by 20
“In fact, based on Chen (2010), the effect size (odds ratio; OR ) for this contrast is very small (1/ OR = 1.16, 95% CI [1.03, 1.30]).”
BackgroundInfluential
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to determine COVID-19 vaccination intentions and behavior among international and domestic college students in the United States
Liu, C.-C., Ling, J., Zahry, N. R., Liu, C., Ammigan, R., & Kaur, L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293130 · Cited by 16
“Using the G * Power program, we assumed a small effect size with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.68 [18], 50% probability of not being fully vaccinated [2] and a significance level of 0.05, a sample size of 133 was needed to achieve at least an 80% study power when using logistic regression models to…”
Influential
Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of first-lifetime onsets of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in high-risk adolescents
Pawlak, M., Schmidtler, H., & Kopala‐Sibley, D. C. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000130 · Cited by 21
Low Ankle-GO Score While Returning to Sport After Lateral Ankle Sprain Leads to a 9-fold Increased Risk of Recurrence: A Two-year Prospective Cohort Study
Picot, B., Fourchet, F., Lopes, R., Rauline, G., Freiha, K., d’Hooghe, P. P. R. N., Valentin, E., & Hardy, A. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00693-w · Cited by 16
“A priori power analysis showed that a minimum sample size of 54 participants (G*Power, Version 3.1, University of Dusseldorf, Germany) was needed to detect a moderate effect size for logistic regression (OR = 3.5), with a power of 0.80 and type 1 error of 0.05 [13, 14].”
Influential
Encouraging Users to Change Breached Passwords Using the Protection Motivation Theory
Zou, Y., Le, K., Mayer, P. B., Acquisti, A., Aviv, A. J., & Schaub, F. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3689432 · Cited by 29
“The odds ratio for both comparisons only corresponds to a small effect size [13].”
Are valence and social avoidance associated with the memory conformity effect?
Wright, D. F. B., Busnello, R. H. D., Buratto, L., & Stein, L. M. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.008 · Cited by 10
Recrafting Youth Risk Assessment: Developing the Modified Positive Achievement Change Tool for Iowa
Hamilton, Z. K., Kowalski, M. A., Schaefer, R., & Kigerl, A. (2020) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1609302 · Cited by 17
“Over the last two decades, a considerable amount of institutional and academic attention has been afforded to the development, improvement, and utilization of risk assessment instruments (see Andrews and Bonta 2010). In general, risk tools provide criminal justice practitioners with a scientific approach to gauge an o…”
Background
Comparative genomics reveals different population structures associated with host and geographic origin in antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella enterica
Liao, J., Orsi, R. H., Carroll, L. M., & Wiedmann, M. (2020) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15014 · Cited by 16
Evaluating LEED commercial interior (LEED-CI) projects under the LEED transition from v3 to v4: the differences between China and the US
Pushkar, S. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04701 · Cited by 16
“between binary outcomes was adapted from the study by Chen et al. (2010). The effect size thresholds of the absolute lnθ lnθ were 0.”
Method
Improving treatment decision-making in bipolar II disorder: a phase II randomised controlled trial of an online patient decision-aid
Fisher, A. C., Keast, R., Costa, D. S. J., Sharpe, L., Manicavasagar, V. L., Anderson, J., & Juraskova, I. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02845-0 · Cited by 16
Patterns and correlates of workplace and non-workplace cannabis use among Canadian workers before the legalization of non-medical cannabis
Carnide, N., Lee, H., Frone, M. R., Furlan, A. D., & Smith, P. M. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108386 · Cited by 16
Incidence and risk factors of mental disorders in the elderly: The European MentDis_ICF65+ study
Andreas, S., Schulz, H., Volkert, J., Lüdemann, J., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A. I., Wegscheider, K., Ausín, B., Canuto, A., et al. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211025711 · Cited by 16
“Based on the study by Chen et al. (2010), we used the following ranges to interpret the odds ratio (OR) as an effect size: OR < 1.5 = small effect; OR = 1.5–4.9 medium effect and OR > 5 = large effect.”
MethodInfluential
Adolescent psychosocial factors and participation in education and employment in young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analyses
Tayfur, S. N., Prior, S., Roy, A. S., Fitzpatrick, L. I., & Forsyth, K. (2021) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100404 · Cited by 16
Transition Practices of Rural Pre-K and Kindergarten Teachers and Their Relations to Children’s Academic and Social Skills
Garber, K. L., Foster, T. J., Little, M. H., Cohen‐Vogel, L., Bratsch‐Hines, M., & Burchinal, M. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2026191 · Cited by 16
“We considered OR = 1.68 to be a small effect, OR = 3.47 to be a medium effect, and OR = 6.71 a large effect (Chen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Exploring the association between character strengths and moral functioning
Han, H., Dawson, K. J., Walker, D. I., Nguyen, N., & Choi, Y. (2022) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2022.2063867 · Cited by 17
“Cohen’s D exceeds .2 as an indicator for a small effect, .5 as a medium effect, and .8 as a large effect (Chen et al., 2010).”
Background
Heart rate variability, perceived stress and willingness to seek counselling in undergraduate students
Tripská, K., Draessler, J., & Pokladníková, J. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110972 · Cited by 16
Reprint of: Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: An umbrella review on various CAM approaches
Houzé, B., El-Khatib, H., & Arbour, C. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.002 · Cited by 17
Comorbidity of Airway Inflammatory Diseases in Chemical and Building-Related Intolerance
Claeson, A., Andersson, H., Wikdahl, F., Nyback, M.-H., & Nordin, S. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001249 · Cited by 16
“0 as large.(38) On the basis of these cutoffs, the increased risk for nonallergic asthma can be considered as small to medium in both CI and BRI, and large for the other five inflammatory diseases.”
Background
A recentering approach for interpreting interaction effects from logit, probit, and other nonlinear models
Jeong, Y., Siegel, J. I., Chen, S. Y.-P., & Newey, W. K. (2020) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3202 · Cited by 16
“…and the outcome (here make =1), one can refer to Table 2 where we provide a statistical framework for assessing the effect size of the log of odds ratio in terms of Cohen’s d for its easier interpretation based on a widely-accepted method in statistics and health sciences (Chen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
The current state of affairs in infidelity research: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of romantic infidelity prevalence and its moderators
Warach, B., Bornstein, R. F., Gorman, B. S., & Moyer, A. E. (2024) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12571 · Cited by 21
An empirical analysis of the behavioral influences and information sources affecting the cyber insurance decisions of German SMEs
Salzberger, A. (2025) · The Journal of Risk Finance · doi:10.1108/jrf-05-2024-0151 · Cited by 15
Brain Signatures During Reward Anticipation Predict Persistent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
Chen, D., Jia, T., Cheng, W., Cao, M., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Desrivières, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.030 · Cited by 14
The interaction between endogenous GABA, functional connectivity, and behavioral flexibility is critically altered with advanced age
Heise, K.-F., Rueda‐Delgado, L. M., Chalavi, S., King, B. R., Monteiro, T. S., Edden, R. A. E., Mantini, D., & Swinnen, S. P. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03378-w · Cited by 15
Profiles of Achievement Motivation and Performance in Middle School: Links to Student Background and Perceived Classroom Climate
Erentaitė, R., Vosylis, R., Sevalneva, D., Melnikė, E., Raižienė, S., & Daukantaité, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.820247 · Cited by 19
Unraveling non‐participation in genomic research: A complex interplay of barriers, facilitators, and sociocultural factors
McConkie‐Rosell, A., Spillmann, R. C., Schoch, K., Sullivan, J. A., Walley, N., McDonald, M., Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Hooper, S. R., & Shashi, V. (2023) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1707 · Cited by 15
“Additionally, geographic location accounted for the majority of the variance with an odds ratio of 6.56 (Chen et al., 2010 ).”
Influential
Utilizing MRBQ to investigate risky rider behavior in Chinese young riders: combining the effect of Big Five personality and sensation seeking
Yu, Z., Qu, W., & Ge, Y. (2023) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2023.2270669 · Cited by 15
“Neuroticism negatively predicts crashes, but the odds ratio is small (Chen, Cohen, and Chen 2010).”
Background
Association of DRD2, DRD4 and COMT genes variants and their gene-gene interactions with antipsychotic treatment response in patients with schizophrenia
Taheri, N., Pirboveiri, R., Sayyah, M., Bijanzadeh, M., & Ghandil, P. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05292-9 · Cited by 15
“According to Chen et al., 2010 [36] effect size in logistic regression can be classified as follows: • Odds Ratio 1.68 -”
BackgroundInfluential
Validity of single item responses to short message service texts to monitor depression: an mHealth sub-study of the UK ACUDep trial
Keding, A., Boehnke, J. R., Croudace, T. J., Richmond, S. J., & MacPherson, H. (2015) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-015-0054-6 · Cited by 16
“98) was only weak [66], and the effect size in terms of pseudo R(2) [67] was negligible.”
Background
Impact of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders on Emergency Department Visit Outcomes for HIV Patients
Choi, B., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C., & Choi, N. G. (2016) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2016.1.28310 · Cited by 15
Quality of life in HIV-infected Chinese women and their family caregivers:an intervention study
Chen, W., Shiu, C. A., Yang, J. P., Wang, K., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Reynolds, N. R., Kennedy, H. P., Khoshnood, K., Chen, L., et al. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1510095 · Cited by 15
Broadly sampled assessment reduces ethnicity‐related differences in clinical grades
van Andel, C. E. E., Born, M. P., Themmen, A. P. N., & Stegers‐Jager, K. M. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13790 · Cited by 15
Determinants of Postponed Dental Visits Due to Costs: Evidence from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Germany
Aarabi, G., Valdez, R., Spinler, K., Walther, C., Seedorf, U., Heydecke, G., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16183344 · Cited by 15
“, Chen, 2010) translating OR into indices of effect size, the ORs reported in our study are classified as small [21].”
Background
Predictors of Overweight and Obesity in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Gance‐Cleveland, B., Linton, A., Arbet, J., Stiller, D., & Sylvain, G. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043454219897102 · Cited by 15
Predictors of Long‐Term Opioid Effectiveness in Patients With Chronic Non‐Cancer Pain Attending Multidisciplinary Pain Treatment Clinics: A Quebec Pain Registry Study
Kaboré, J., Saïdi, H., Dassieu, L., Choinière, M., & Pagé, M. G. (2020) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12883 · Cited by 15
“Our study identified few predictors and reported ORs indicating a small effect size and a weak association for those that were identified.(71) In addition, the predictive model showed a low sensitivity and a low accuracy, highlighting the difficulty in predicting which patients will experience improved pain outcomes.”
Result
Is All Dating Violence Equal? Gender and Severity Differences in Predictors of Perpetration
Ontiveros, G., Cantos, A. L., Chen, P., Charak, R., & O’Leary, K. D. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10070118 · Cited by 15
“Given the results presented in Tables 6 through 9, most odds ratios of the significant study variables indicated medium to large effects (odd ratios > 3.47, according to the criteria proposed by Chen et al., 2010) [66].”
MethodResultInfluential
Associations of Social Capital with Mental Disorder Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity among U.S. Adolescents
Hirota, T., Paksarian, D., He, J., Înoue, S., Stapp, E. K., Meter, A. V., & Merikangas, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1875326 · Cited by 15
“Third, although the magnitude of ORs is interpreted with respect to the scale of the corresponding variable, our results generally indicated small to medium effect sizes for the social capital factors (Chen et al., 2010).”
Result
Are Developmental Monitoring and Screening Better Together for Early Autism Identification Across Race and Ethnic Groups?
Barger, B. D., Rice, C. E., Benevides, T. W., Salmon, A., Sanchez-Alvarez, S., & Crimmins, D. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04943-8 · Cited by 15
Predicting and Evaluating Treatment Response: Evidence Toward Protracted Response Patterns for Severely Impacted Students With Dyslexia
Middleton, A. E., Farris, E. A., Ring, J. J., & Odegard, T. N. (2021) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194211047633 · Cited by 15
“Chen et al. (2010) relate ORs of 1.68, 3.47, and 6.71 as respective equivalents to standardized mean differences of d = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8.”
BackgroundInfluential
Driving while under the influence of hallucinogens: Prevalence, correlates, and risk profiles
Salas‐Wright, C. P., Cano, M. N., Hodges, J. C., Oh, S., Hai, A. H., & Vaughn, M. G. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109055 · Cited by 15
The role of illness representations of internet gaming disorder (IGD) in help-seeking intention among undergraduates: A longitudinal study
Yang, X., Ding, N., Tu, X., Zhao, C., Xu, H., Lai, X., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107233 · Cited by 15
Influence of depression and interpersonal support on adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV
Nutor, J. J., Gyamerah, A. O., Alhassan, R. K., Duah, H. O., Thompson, R., Wilson, N., Harris, O., Gutierrez, J., Hoffmann, T. J., Getahun, M., et al. (2023) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/s12981-023-00538-8 · Cited by 15
“1, equivalent to an approximately medium effect size [29].”
Background
Does Walkability Contribute to Geographic Variation in Psychosocial Distress? A Spatial Analysis of 91,142 Members of the 45 and Up Study in Sydney, Australia
Mayne, D. J., Morgan, G. G., Jalaludin, B. B., & Bauman, A. E. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15020275 · Cited by 15
“All variables were statistically significant and important in univariate models with small to medium effect sizes [90].”
Background
Enhancing Engagement With Faculty and Staff to Facilitate Student Success: An Evaluation of a Parent Intervention
Deutschlander, D. (2019) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373719845653 · Cited by 15

Authors: Chen, H., Cohen, P., & Chen, S.
Affiliations: Winthrop-University Hospital (US)
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Health Canada (CA)
Corresponding author: Chen, Henian
ORCID: Chen, Henian
Chen, Sophie
Venue: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-03-31
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 860-864
ISSN: 0361-0918 (ISSN-L)
1532-4141
DOI: 10.1080/03610911003650383
OpenAlex: W2029059557
Cited by: 1,952
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 170 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 259 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 242 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 5.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: odds ratio, effect size interpretation, Cohen's d, standardized mean difference, disease incidence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks