Cited by 1,952Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

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How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

Chen, Henian, Cohen, Patricia, Chen, Sophie·2010·Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation

DOI 10.1080/03610911003650383

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Abstract

The odds ratio (OR) is probably the most widely used index of effect size in epidemiological studies. The difficulty of interpreting the OR has troubled many clinical researchers and epidemiologists for a long time. We propose a new method for interpreting the size of the OR by relating it to differences in a normal standard deviate. Our calculations indicate that OR = 1.68, 3.47, and 6.71 are equivalent to Cohen's d = 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.8 (large), respectively, when disease rate is 1% in the nonexposed group; Cohen's d < 0.2 when OR <1.5, and Cohen's d > 0.8 when OR > 5.

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10.1002/sim.1032 · DOI
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The effectiveness of targeted preventive interventions for depression symptoms in children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analyses
Luttinen, J., Watroba, A., Niemelä, M., Miettunen, J., & Ruotsalainen, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.002 · Cited by 13
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The Association Between Nurse Staffing and Conflict and Containment in Acute Mental Health Care: A Systematic Review
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“…reporting results were: quality assessment, sample size, de-sign, degree of error in measurement of conflict and containment and staffing variables, statistical significance, magnitude of effect size (adapted from Cohen 1988; Chen et al. 2010), precision (confidence intervals) and generalisability.”
Longitudinal Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
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“We interpreted odds ratios up to 3.47 as small and those larger than 6.71 as large (Chen et al. 2010).”
Influential
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García-Carrera, P., Ruiz, R. O., Camacho, A., Garandeau, C. F., Salmivalli, C., & Romera, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02276-8 · Cited by 8
“The effect size of the differ - ences was assessed using the odds ratio (OR), categorized as negligible (OR 1.68), small (1.68 ≤ OR 3.47), moder - ate (3.47 ≤ OR 6.71), and large (OR ≥ 6.71) (Chen et al., 2010).”
Influential
Maxillary incisor root morphology in patients with nonsyndromic tooth agenesis: A controlled cross-sectional pilot study
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The day-of-invitation effect on participation in web-based studies
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“Using this figure as a baseline, an odds ratio of OR = 1.37 or 0.73 represents a small effect (Chen et al., 2010), amounting to an increase to p = 0.51 or 51%.”
BackgroundInfluential
Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in bereaved children and adolescents: Exploring subgroups and possible risk factors
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Leveraging observational data to identify in‐session patient and therapist predictors of cognitive processing therapy response and completion
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Changes in sexually transmitted infections-related sexual risk-taking among young Croatian adults: a 2005-2021 three-wave population-based study
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“In other instances, the effect was small (33).”
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Reyes, C. T., Cao, W., Astorini, A. G., Drohan, M. M., Schulz, C. T., Shuster, C. L., Robbins, M. L., Yang, M., & Stamates, A. L. (2023) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2023.2248236 · Cited by 8
“Rather than focusing on generalizability to the population at large, this study seeks to describe attitudes within a specific subgroup in the population (Chen et al., 2010).”
Background
Depressive symptoms prospectively increase risk for new onset cigarette and ENDS dependence symptoms
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Negative and positive mental health characteristics of affected family members: Findings from a cross-sectional Australian general population gambling study
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Swimming for low back pain: A scoping review
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Pathways from school to work: A sequence analysis of non‐engaged youth
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“The minimum detectable effect size at 80% power is an odds ratio of 1.39 (or 0.72), which is below the “weak association” benchmark of Chen et al. (2010) and approximately one-fifth of the effect size observed in the pilot data (Bye et al., 2022).”
Influential
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Correlates of Worry About Health Care Costs Among Older Adults
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“In order to interpret effect sizes of odds ratios, the odds ratios were converted into Cohen’s d, or the standardized mean difference between two group means [22].”
Method
Verb Intergroup Bias: Verbs Are Used More Often in Reference to In-Groups than Out-Groups
Formanowicz, M. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619893957 · Cited by 8
“In all studies, the size of the OR was interpreted according to the recommendations of Chen, Cohen, and Chen (2010).”
Method
More behavioral recommendations produce more change: A meta-analysis of efficacy of multibehavior recommendations to reduce nonmedical substance use.
Dai, W., Palmer, R., Sunderrajan, A., Durantini, M. R., Sánchez, F., Glasman, L. R., Chen, F. X., & Albarracín, D. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000586 · Cited by 8
“As shown in Table 2b, changing the correlation between the pre and post measures 2According to Cohen’s tradition (Chen et al., 2010), d = 0.2 is considered a small effect, d = 0.5 is considered a moderate effect, d = 0.8 is considered a large effect.”
MethodInfluential
Positive Emotion Dysregulation Identifies Trauma-Exposed Community Individuals at Risk for Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Raudales, A. M., Darosh, A. G., Contractor, A. A., Schatten, H. T., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Weiss, N. H. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001316 · Cited by 8
“It is also important to note that effect sizes were in the small range (determined using odds ratios; Chen et al., 2010), urging caution when interpreting results.”
Background
Association between movement patterns and risk of musculoskeletal injuries in navy cadets: A cohort study
Bunn, P. D. S., Lopes, T. J. A., Terra, B., da Costa, H. F., Souza, M. P., Braga, R. M., Inoue, A., Ribeiro, F. M., Alves, D., & da Silva, E. B. (2021) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.08.003 · Cited by 8
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Authors: Chen, H., Cohen, P., & Chen, S.
Affiliations: Winthrop-University Hospital (US)
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Health Canada (CA)
Corresponding author: Chen, Henian
ORCID: Chen, Henian
Chen, Sophie
Venue: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-03-31
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 860-864
ISSN: 0361-0918 (ISSN-L)
1532-4141
DOI: 10.1080/03610911003650383
OpenAlex: W2029059557
Cited by: 1,952
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 170 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 259 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 242 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 5.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: odds ratio, effect size interpretation, Cohen's d, standardized mean difference, disease incidence

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How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

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