The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies
Abstract
The odds ratio (OR) is probably the most widely used index of effect size in epidemiological studies. The difficulty of interpreting the OR has troubled many clinical researchers and epidemiologists for a long time. We propose a new method for interpreting the size of the OR by relating it to differences in a normal standard deviate. Our calculations indicate that OR = 1.68, 3.47, and 6.71 are equivalent to Cohen's d = 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.8 (large), respectively, when disease rate is 1% in the nonexposed group; Cohen's d < 0.2 when OR <1.5, and Cohen's d > 0.8 when OR > 5.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although the effect sizes of Hedges g and OR can be difficult to compare, outcomes based on continuous data and reported as Hedges g, appeared to generate larger effect sizes compared with dichotomous scoring, reported as OR [91].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“The mentoring structures and outcomes of the students in our study differed based on their gender and race/ethnicity, although the sizes of these differences were small (Cohen, 1992; Chen et al., 2010).”
From Race and Gender Differences in Undergraduate Research Mentoring Structures and Research Outcomes (2017) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2010
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146 · Cited by 20,302
Statistics Notes: The odds ratio
Bland, J. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7247.1468 · Cited by 1,298
Davies, H. T. O., Crombie, I. K., & Tavakoli, M. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7136.989 · Cited by 991
Meehl, P. E. (1990) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0102_1 · Cited by 673
Clinically useful measures of effect in binary analyses of randomized trials
Sinclair, J. C., & Bracken, M. B. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90191-0 · Cited by 271
Deeks, J. J., Bracken, M. B., Sinclair, J. C., Davies, H. T. O., Tavakoli, M., & Crombie, I. K. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7166.1155a · Cited by 225
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.1002/sim.1032 · DOI
- Sackett D. L., 1996, Evid. Base. Med., 1, 164
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,000
Predictors of Physical Activity Change Among Adults Using Observational Designs
Rhodes, R. E., & Quinlan, A. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0275-6 · Cited by 73
“05) and a meaningful effect size [26, 27] [d [ 0.”
BackgroundSalas‐Wright, C. P., Vaughn, M. G., Todić, J., Córdova, D., & Perron, B. E. (2015) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2015.1049493 · Cited by 72
“Specifically, the odds ratios for ‘‘somewhat disapprove’’ suggested medium-sized effects, while the effects for ‘‘strongly disapprove’’ represented large to very large effects (23).”
BackgroundJohnson, M. D., Sprowles, A. E., Goldenberg, K., Margell, S. T., & Castellino, L. (2020) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-020-09519-5 · Cited by 96
Dunn, M., Rushton, A. B., Mistry, J., Soundy, A., & Heneghan, N. R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294830 · Cited by 78
Kohut, T., & Štulhofer, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202048 · Cited by 83
“Again, the observed differences were small [39].”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of the Effect of PTSD and Trauma on Treatment Outcomes for Eating Disorders
Day, S., Hay, P., Tannous, K., Fatt, S. J., & Mitchison, D. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231167399 · Cited by 75
Marraccini, M. E., Ingram, K. M., Naser, S. C., Grapin, S. L., Toole, E. N., O'Neill, J. C., Chin, A. J., Martinez, R. R., & Griffin, D. C. (2021) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2021.11.006 · Cited by 85
Epel, E. S., Laraia, B. A., Coleman‐Phox, K., Leung, C. W., Vieten, C., Mellin, L. M., Kristeller, J. L., Thomas, M., Stotland, N. E., Bush, N. R., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-019-09779-2 · Cited by 72
Swain, M. S., Kamper, S. J., Maher, C. G., Broderick, C. R., McKay, D., & Henschke, N. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098418 · Cited by 71
Childhood abuse and depression in adulthood: The mediating role of allostatic load
Scheuer, S., Wiggert, N., Brückl, T. M., Awaloff, Y., Uhr, M., Lucae, S., Kloiber, S. M., Holsboer, F., Ising, M., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.020 · Cited by 69
Höglund, P., Hakelind, C., & Nordin, S. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02557-5 · Cited by 83
“Findings of similar kind have been reported in the past [62] [63] [64,10,11,55].”
Hong, S., Liu, Y. S., Cao, B., Cao, J., Ai, M., Chen, J., Greenshaw, A. J., & Kuang, L. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.077 · Cited by 71
Child Maltreatment Among Children With Intellectual Disability in the Canadian Incidence Study
Dion, J., Paquette, G., Tremblay, K.-N., Collin‐Vézina, D., & Chabot, M. (2018) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-123.2.176 · Cited by 68
Luo, J., Beam, C. R., & Gatz, M. (2023) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01385-1 · Cited by 65
Predictive Validity of Pretrial Risk Assessments: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Desmarais, S. L., Zottola, S. A., Duhart Clarke, S. E., & Lowder, E. M. (2021) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854820932959 · Cited by 79
Maguen, S., Griffin, B. J., Copeland, L. A., Perkins, D. F., Finley, E. P., & Vogt, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.020 · Cited by 75
Endodontics and diabetes: association versus causation
Segura-Egea, J. J., Cabanillas‐Balsera, D., Jiménez-Sánchez, M. C., & Martín-González, J. (2019) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13079 · Cited by 66
Symptom clusters in adults with inflammatory bowel disease
Conley, S., Proctor, D. D., Jeon, S., Sandler, R. S., & Redeker, N. S. (2017) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21813 · Cited by 70
“Older age was associated with a small decrease in odds of membership (based on magnitude of odds ratios as interpreted by Chen, Cohen, and Chen (2010) in the psychological symptom cluster group.”
MethodDirect Ties to a Faculty Mentor Related to Positive Outcomes for Undergraduate Researchers
Joshi, M., Aikens, M. L., & Dolan, E. L. (2019) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biz039 · Cited by 68
Neiman, E., Austin, E., Tan, A., Anderson, C. M., & Chipps, E. M. (2019) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13033 · Cited by 66
Manyanga, T., Barnes, J. D., Chaput, J., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Prista, A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0861-y · Cited by 75
Inflammatory biomarkers in patients with sciatica: a systematic review
Jungen, M. J., ter Meulen, B. C., van Osch, T., Weinstein, H. C., & Ostelo, R. (2019) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2541-0 · Cited by 65
Bränsvik, V., Granvik, E., Minthon, L., Nordström, P., & Nägga, K. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1727848 · Cited by 66
Public perceptions of antibiotic use on dairy farms in the United States
Wemette, M., Safi, A. G., Wolverton, A. K., Beauvais, W. A., Shapiro, M. A., Moroni, P., Welcome, F. L., & Ivanek, R. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17673 · Cited by 64
“Consumers have been shown to associate improved animal welfare with other attributes such safety, quality, and reduced antibiotic use (Clark et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChildhood wheeze trajectory‐specific risk factors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Owora, A. H., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.13313 · Cited by 66
Thomas, G. O., Poortinga, W., & Владимировна, С. Е. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153490 · Cited by 63
Viljoen, J. L., Jonnson, M. R., Cochrane, D. M., Vargen, L. M., & Vincent, G. M. (2019) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000344 · Cited by 67
Forke, C. M., Catallozzi, M., Localio, A. R., Grisso, J. A., Wiebe, D. J., & Fein, J. A. (2019) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100942 · Cited by 63
“%) outcomes, we conducted sensitivity analysis with VanderWeele and Ding's (2017) E-value.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe obesity paradox: Analysis from the SMAtteo COvid-19 REgistry (SMACORE) cohort
Biscarini, S., Colaneri, M., Ludovisi, S., Seminari, E. M., Pieri, T. C., Valsecchi, P., Gallazzi, I., Giusti, E. M., Cammà, C., Zuccaro, V., et al. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.047 · Cited by 62
Alon, N., Macrynikola, N., Jester, D. J., Keshavan, M. S., Reynolds, C. F., Saxena, S., Thomas, M. L., Torous, J. B., & Jeste, D. V. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115854 · Cited by 73
Martel, M. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Roberts, B. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000304 · Cited by 66
Ingendahl, M., Hummel, D., Maedche, A., & Vogel, T. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1861 · Cited by 69
Noncollapsibility and its role in quantifying confounding bias in logistic regression
Schuster, N. A., Twisk, J. W. R., ter Riet, G., Heymans, M. W., & Rijnhart, J. J. M. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01316-8 · Cited by 61
Hooked on the metaverse? Exploring the prevalence of addiction to virtual reality applications
Barreda-Ángeles, M., & Hartmann, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.1031697 · Cited by 65
Cramer, R. J., Rasmussen, S. A., & Tucker, R. P. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112550 · Cited by 64
Vo, A. D., La, J., Wu, J. T.-Y., Strymish, J. M., Ronan, M. V., Brophy, M. T., Do, N., Branch‐Elliman, W., Fillmore, N. R., & Monach, P. A. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.40037 · Cited by 57
What role does serious mental illness play in mass shootings, and how should we address it?
Skeem, J. L., & Mulvey, E. P. (2019) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12473 · Cited by 64
Moral injury and peri- and post-military suicide attempts among post-9/11 veterans
Maguen, S., Griffin, B. J., Vogt, D., Hoffmire, C. A., Blosnich, J. R., Bernhard, P. A., Akhtar, F. Z., Cypel, Y. S., & Schneiderman, A. I. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721005274 · Cited by 58
Extent of resection and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme
Revilla-Pacheco, F. R., Rodríguez-Salgado, P., Barrera-Ramírez, M., Morales-Ruiz, M. P., Loyo-Varela, M., Rubalcava‐Ortega, J., & Herrada-Pineda, T. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026432 · Cited by 60
“As Chen et al[66] have proposed, the size of RR can be transformed to a Cohen d equivalence by relating it to differences in a normal standard deviate.”
InfluentialFan, W., Qian, Y., & Jin, Y. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211040550 · Cited by 60
Social mobility and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Islam, S., & Jaffee, S. R. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116340 · Cited by 66
Grant, S., Colaiaco, B., Motala, A., Shanman, R., Sorbero, M. E. S., & Hempel, S. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1289493 · Cited by 60
Halladay, J. E., BENNETT, K. J., Weist, M. D., Boyle, M., Manion, I. G., Campo, M., & Georgiades, K. (2020) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2020.05.003 · Cited by 62
Meta-review on the efficacy of psychological therapies for the treatment of substance use disorders
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Giguère, S., Landry, C., Léveillé, N., & Dumais, A. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115318 · Cited by 55
Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., O’Masta, B., Maher, B. S., Cerles, A. A., Saadeh, K., Mahmooth, Z., MacMillan, L., Rush, M., & Kaminski, J. W. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01359-3 · Cited by 61
“These findings represent small, but significant, effect sizes (Chen et al., 2010; Cohen, 1988), and agree with the finding of Faraone et al. (2021) that ADHD is most often caused by the combined effect of multiple risk factors, with each contributing a small risk.”
Strength of association between comorbidities and asthma: a meta-analysis
Rogliani, P., Laitano, R., Ora, J., Beasley, R. W., & Calzetta, L. (2023) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0202-2022 · Cited by 59
“Cohen ’ s d= 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 are defined cut-off values for small, medium and large effect sizes, respectively [12, 26].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKovács-Tóth, B., Oláh, B., Szabó, I. K., & Fekete, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161620 · Cited by 56
Sippel, L. M., Han, S., Watkins, L. E., Harpaz‐Rotem, I., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Olff, M., Sherva, R., Farrer, L. A., Kranzler, H. R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.008 · Cited by 63
“Interpretation of the magnitude of odds ratios was informed by Chen and colleagues’ guidelines (Chen et al., 2010).”
MethodMorley, B., Niven, P., Dixon, H., Swanson, M. G., McAleese, A., & Wakefield, M. A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019574 · Cited by 57
Roberts, S. O., Weisman, K., Lane, J. D., Williams, A. D., Camp, N. P., Wang, M., Robison, M., Sanchez, K., & Griffiths, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000233 · Cited by 55
Taylor, S. P., Ledford, R., Palmer, V., & Abel, E. (2014) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002436 · Cited by 58
Chen, C., Sonnert, G., Sadler, P. M., & Sunbury, S. (2020) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.19-08-0164 · Cited by 80
“Each condition was significantly different from another, but the odds ratio was small (based on the effect size Impact of teachers’ SMK and KOSM criterion for odd ratios, which considers an odd ratio < 1.5 a small effect, suggested by Chen et al. , 2010).”
InfluentialSoltani, S., Noel, M. E., Bernier, E. P., & Kopala‐Sibley, D. C. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002879 · Cited by 61
Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2015) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610215001738 · Cited by 58
Vilardaga, R., Rizo, J., Palenski, P. E., Mannelli, P., Oliver, J. A., & Mcclernon, F. J. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz202 · Cited by 55
Pozza, A., & Dèttore, D. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.056 · Cited by 58
Forget the Folk: Moral Responsibility Preservation Motives and Other Conditions for Compatibilism
Clark, C. J., Winegard, B., & Baumeister, R. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00215 · Cited by 56
“6In all studies reporting odds ratios as estimates of effect sizes (Studies 1–3b), classifications of small, medium, and large were interpreted from Chen et al. (2010).”
BackgroundRyan, E., Vitoratou, S., Goldsmith, K., & Chalder, T. (2017) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000536 · Cited by 55
“, FA10), the effect size was small (36,37).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMahmood, T., Abbas, F., Kumar, R., & Somrongthong, R. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09110-9 · Cited by 55
“The difficulty of interpreting the OR has troubled many clinical researchers and epidemiologists for a long time (Chen et al. 2010).”
BackgroundLong-Term Outcomes of a RCT Intervention Study for Women with Violent Crimes
Kubiak, S. P., Fedock, G. L., Kim, W. J., & Bybee, D. I. (2016) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/689356 · Cited by 55
Predicting Volleyball Serve-Reception
Paulo, A., Zaal, F. T. J. M., Fonseca, S., & Araújo, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01694 · Cited by 59
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Indonesian Residents toward COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Muslih, M., Susanti, H. D., Rias, Y. A., & Chung, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094473 · Cited by 56
“71 were equivalent to small, medium and large ES [32].”
BackgroundMeasuring Cognitive Load Using In-Game Metrics of a Serious Simulation Game
Sevcenko, N., Ninaus, M., Wortha, F., Moeller, K., & Gerjets, P. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.572437 · Cited by 67
“Effect sizes were labeled following the recommendations by Funder and Ozer (2019) and (Chen et al., 2010) for linear and generalized linear models, respectively.”
MethodPrevalence and Risk Factors of Consumer Financial Fraud in China
Fan, J. X., & Yu, Z. (2021) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-021-09793-1 · Cited by 53
Student's perceptions of plagiarism
Fish, R. M., & Hura, G. (2013) · Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · Cited by 53
Flipped classroom use in chemistry education: results from a survey of postsecondary faculty members
Srinivasan, S., Gibbons, R. E., Murphy, K. L., & Raker, J. R. (2018) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c8rp00094h · Cited by 57
Hawker, C. O., Merkouris, S., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106574 · Cited by 53
Sanjuan, P. M., Fokas, K. F., Tonigan, J. S., Henry, M. C., Christian, K. L., Rodríguez, A., Larsen, J., Yonke, N., & Leeman, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.079 · Cited by 62
Problem gaming and suicidality: A systematic literature review
Erevik, E. K., Landrø, H., Mattson, Å. L., Kristensen, J. H., Kaur, P., & Pallesen, S. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100419 · Cited by 63
“OR is considered as an effect size, although its interpretation may be challenging as the magnitude of an OR depends on the rate of the dependent variable (Chen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInform the Uninformed: Improving Online Informed Consent Reading with an AI-Powered Chatbot
Xiao, Z., Li, T. W., Karahalios, K. G., & Sundaram, H. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581252 · Cited by 71
Patient compliance with telephone triage recommendations: A meta-analytic review
Purc‐Stephenson, R. J., & Thrasher, C. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.08.019 · Cited by 52
Increased Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Kuusimäki, T., Al‐Abdulrasul, H., Kurki, S. H., Hietala, J. A., Hartikainen, S. A., Koponen, M., Tolppanen, A., & Kaasinen, V. (2021) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28484 · Cited by 55
“001), implying a large effect size.(42) Because PD and SCD have overlapping phenotypical features and because iatrogenic parkinsonism in SCD and psychotic symptoms in PD are common, we focused only on PD risk and used stringent exclusion criteria for patients, including the use of time limits for diagnoses/ages and th…”
BackgroundNoticing vocabulary holes aids incidental second language word learning: An experimental study
de Vos, J. F., Schriefers, H. J., & Lemhöfer, K. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918000019 · Cited by 54
Qeadan, F., Vansant‐Webb, E., Tingey, B., Rogers, T. N., Brooks, E., Mensah, N. A., Winkfield, K. M., Saeed, A. I., English, K. C., & Rogers, C. R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88308-2 · Cited by 49
van der Vlegel, M., Polinder, S., Mikolić, A., Kaplan, Z. L. R., von Steinbüchel, N., Plass, A. M., Zeldovich, M., Praag, D. L. G. V., Bockhop, F., Cunitz, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10112473 · Cited by 56
“While OR is widely used as an indicator of risk for disease, it can vary strongly depending on sample size, case rates, and applied cut-off scores in data [48].”
BackgroundSuicidality among individuals with gambling problems: A meta-analytic literature review.
Kristensen, J. H., Pallesen, S., Bauer, J., Leino, T. M., Griffiths, M. D., & Erevik, E. K. (2023) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000411 · Cited by 63
Mankelow, J., Ryan, C. G., Taylor, P., Atkinson, G., & Martin, D. (2021) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.06.010 · Cited by 50
What Helps–and What Doesn't–When Self-Esteem is Threatened?: Retrospective Reports of Esteem Support
Holmstrom, A. J. (2012) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2011.586399 · Cited by 50
Use of social networking sites and alcohol consumption among adolescents
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., & Chaput, J. (2016) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.05.005 · Cited by 50
“Additionally, given the large sample size, effect sizes were considered for binge drinking using the criteria for interpreting the size of the OR proposed by Chen et al.39: OR ¼ 1.7, 3.5, and 6.7 are equivalent to small (Cohen's d ¼ 0.2), medium (Cohen's d ¼ 0.5), and large (Cohen's d ¼ 0.8), respectively.”
MethodInfluentialChasm Crossed? Clicker Use in Postsecondary Chemistry Education
Gibbons, R. E., Laga, E. E., Leon, J., Villafañe, S. M., Stains, M., Murphy, K. L., & Raker, J. R. (2017) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00799 · Cited by 50
McConnell, D., Aunos, M., Pacheco, L., & Feldman, M. A. (2020) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559520910806 · Cited by 50
“Notwithstanding, Chen et al. (2010) suggest that ORs of 1.46, 2.50, and 4.14 are indicative of weak, moderate, and large effects, respectively, when the outcome occurs in 10% of the nonexposed/comparison group.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiterature Review of BARD1 as a Cancer Predisposing Gene with a Focus on Breast and Ovarian Cancers
Alenezi, W. M., Fierheller, C. T., Recio, N., & Tonin, P. N. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11080856 · Cited by 53
Defensive freezing and its relation to approach–avoidance decision-making under threat
Klaassen, F. H., Held, L. K., Figner, B., O’Reilly, J. X., Klumpers, F., de Voogd, L. D., & Roelofs, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90968-z · Cited by 69
“…(pilot sample of n=5) which revealed a sample size of 40 participants was sufficient to detect a small (i.e., odds ratio of 1.5(Chen, Cohen, & Chen, 2010)) heart rate by shock interaction effect with at least 80% power (simr package in R (P. Green & McLeod, 2016; R Core Team, 2019; RStudio…”
BackgroundInfluentialExperimental Investigation of Technical and Human Factors Related to Phishing Susceptibility
Greitzer, F. L., Li, W., Laskey, K. B., Lee, J., & Purl, J. D. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Social Computing · doi:10.1145/3461672 · Cited by 49
“a A suggested rule of thumb [40] for effect sizes in interpreting odds ratios is: 1.”
BackgroundPredictors of recidivism following release from custody: a meta-analysis
Goodley, G., Pearson, D. A. S., & Morris, P. (2021) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2021.1962866 · Cited by 49
COVID-19 and psychological distress: Lessons for India
Anand, V., Verma, L., Aggarwal, A., Nanjundappa, P., & Rai, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255683 · Cited by 50
Lawn, W., Mokrysz, C., Lees, R., Trinci, K., Petrilli, K., Skumlien, M., Borissova, A., Ofori, S., Bird, C., Jones, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221108956 · Cited by 56
Palavras, M. A., Hay, P., Mannan, H. R., da Luz, F. Q., Sainsbury, A., Touyz, S. W., & Claudino, A. M. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00846-2 · Cited by 49
Hamre, H. J., Glockmann, A., von Ammon, K., Riley, D. S., & Kiene, H. (2023) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02313-2 · Cited by 67
Motro, D., Comer, D. R., & Lenaghan, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-020-09689-1 · Cited by 48
Implicit androcentrism: Men are human, women are gendered
Bailey, A. H., LaFrance, M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103980 · Cited by 60
Friends, foes, or “frenemies”: Intercountry relations and cross‐border acquisitions
Bilgili, T. V., Bilgili, H., Allen, D. G., Loncarich, H., Kedia, B. L., & Johnson, J. L. (2022) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1460 · Cited by 46
An evaluation of synthetic data augmentation for mitigating covariate bias in health data
Juwara, L., El‐Hussuna, A., & Emam, K. E. (2024) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2024.100946 · Cited by 58
Cheung, R. T. H., Wong, R. Y. L., Chung, T. K. W., Choi, R.-H., Leung, W. W. Y., & Shek, D. H. Y. (2016) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2016.1226381 · Cited by 46
Argyris, Y. A., Kim, Y., Roscizewski, A., & Song, W. O. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114043 · Cited by 47
Zhou, L., Wang, J., Xie, R., Pakhale, S. S., Krewski, D. R., Cameron, D. W., & Wen, S. W. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0310 · Cited by 45
“61,62 Given the complexity in TCM formulation, with inherent difficulties to isolate a specific effect on a specific organ or a specific system, and the lack of an effective treatment specifically targeting COVID-19, the authors consider any improvement in clinical outcomes important.”
Marraccini, M. E., Griffin, D. C., O’Neill, J. C., Martinez, R. R., Chin, A. J., Toole, E. N., Grapin, S. L., & Naser, S. C. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1871305 · Cited by 59
Patalay, P., Annis, J., Sharpe, H., Newman, R., Main, D., Ragunathan, T., Parkes, M., & Rose‐Clarke, K. (2017) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0840-y · Cited by 53
Steenkamp, M. M., Corry, N. H., Qian, M., Li, M., McMaster, H. S., Fairbank, J. A., Stander, V. A., Hollahan, L., & Marmar, C. R. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22768 · Cited by 46
Catarino, A., Bateup, S., Tablan, V., Innes, K., Freer, S., Richards, A., Stott, R., Hollon, S. D., Chamberlain, S. R., Hayes, A., et al. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.57 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, H., Cohen, P., & Chen, S.
- Affiliations
- Winthrop-University Hospital (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Health Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Henian
- Venue
- Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-03-31
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 860-864
- ISSN
- 0361-0918 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-4141
- OpenAlex
- W2029059557
- Cited by
- 1,952
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 170 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 259 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 242 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- odds ratio, effect size interpretation, Cohen's d, standardized mean difference, disease incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
