Cited by 1,952Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

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How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

Chen, Henian, Cohen, Patricia, Chen, Sophie·2010·Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation

DOI 10.1080/03610911003650383

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Abstract

The odds ratio (OR) is probably the most widely used index of effect size in epidemiological studies. The difficulty of interpreting the OR has troubled many clinical researchers and epidemiologists for a long time. We propose a new method for interpreting the size of the OR by relating it to differences in a normal standard deviate. Our calculations indicate that OR = 1.68, 3.47, and 6.71 are equivalent to Cohen's d = 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.8 (large), respectively, when disease rate is 1% in the nonexposed group; Cohen's d < 0.2 when OR <1.5, and Cohen's d > 0.8 when OR > 5.

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“05).(22,39) These effects were attributed to prevention of decline in the intervention group accompanied by decline over time in the control group.”
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“In all cases the value has been low-moderate (Chen et al., 2010).”
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Design and Analysis of Replication Studies
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“Chen, Cohen, and Chen (2010) defined small, medium, and large values of log-odds ratios as 0.52, 1.24, and 1.90, respectively.”
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“Furthermore, the standard deviation of 1 results in a prior distribution that assigns mass to a wide range of reasonable log odds ratios (Chen et al. 2010) without being so uninformative that the results unduly favor H0 (Bartlett 1957; Lindley 1957).”
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“OR has been used as the “magnitude of effect” in cases with dichotomous results [32,33], such as those found in our case study, and comparisons of magnitude can even be made between such effect sizes derived from OR and those from Cohen’s d [33].”
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“An effect size of 0.2 was considered small, an effect size of 0.5 was considered moderate, and an effect size of 0.8 was considered large [27].”
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“It should be noted that all of the odds ratios found in the logistic regressions using intelligence, personality, and demographic variables are small in size [7].”
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“As a point of reference, Chen and colleagues (23), suggest”
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“74 No difference in risk was observed for preterm birth before 32 weeks, nonelective cesarean delivery, and several birth outcomes (stillbirth, large for gestational age, Apgar score 7 at 5 minutes).”
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“In the 2-class mediator conditions, we manipulated the corresponding ORs for b1(a-path) and c2 (b-path) equal to 2 (a small effect; Chen et al., 2010), which resulted in a natural indirect effect of 1.121 in OR (Equation (3)), which was comparable to the effect size we observed from the previous…”
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Social-ecological correlates of physical activity in kidney cancer survivors
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“These variables were in the range of small to medium effect sizes [41].”

Authors: Chen, H., Cohen, P., & Chen, S.
Affiliations: Winthrop-University Hospital (US)
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Health Canada (CA)
Corresponding author: Chen, Henian
ORCID: Chen, Henian
Chen, Sophie
Venue: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-03-31
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 860-864
ISSN: 0361-0918 (ISSN-L)
1532-4141
DOI: 10.1080/03610911003650383
OpenAlex: W2029059557
Cited by: 1,952
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 170 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 259 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 242 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 5.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: odds ratio, effect size interpretation, Cohen's d, standardized mean difference, disease incidence

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How Big is a Big Odds Ratio? Interpreting the Magnitudes of Odds Ratios in Epidemiological Studies

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