The Usability Construct: A Dead End?
Abstract
“Usability” is a construct conceived by the human–computer interaction (HCI) community to denote a desired quality of interactive systems and products. Despite its prominence and intensive use in HCI research, the usefulness of the usability construct to HCI theories and to our understanding of HCI has been meager. In this article I propose and discuss two reasons for this state of affairs. The first is that usability is an umbrella construct. Umbrella constructs are prevalent in scientific fields that are broad, diverse, and lack a unifying research paradigm. Accordingly, umbrella constructs, such as usability, tend to be vague and loose, characteristics that challenge our ability to accumulate and communicate knowledge and to capture real-world phenomena. The second reason involves the nature of the relations between the usability construct and its measures, a topic rarely discussed in HCI research. There appears to be a mismatch between how the HCI community has (implicitly) conceptualized these relations and how it has empirically examined them. The relations have been conceptualized according to a formative measurement model but have mostly been tested according to a reflective measurement model. The trouble is that representing the usability construct by the reflective model appears inappropriate, and representing it by the formative model involves considerable difficulties. Possible ways of addressing these issues are discussed, each with its advantages and drawbacks. I conclude that for scientific research on this subject to progress, the usability construct ought to be unbundled and replaced by well-defined constructs. The issues discussed in this article are relevant to other HCI umbrella concepts and constructs such as user experience.
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Satisfaction is related to system usability, either contributing to the level of usability or being a consequence of usability.
“Satisfaction is related to system usability in the sense that satisfaction can contribute to the level of usability or where satisfaction is a consequence of usability [12].”
From Dimensionality of the system usability scale among professionals using internet-based interventions for depression: a confirmatory factor analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
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Self-citationSauer, J., Baumgartner, J., & Sonderegger, A. (2026) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000586
Jiang, Q., Wu, Y., Zhou, D., & Yuan, X. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3729379
Quantifying the Subjective Experience in Human–Robot Interaction
Borsci, S., Prati, E., Landwehr, J., & Peruzzini, M. (2026) · Springer tracts in advanced robotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19374-2_16
- Authors
- Tractinsky, N.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Tractinsky, Noam
- ORCID
- Tractinsky, Noam
- Venue
- Human–Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-05-02
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-177
- ISSN
- 0737-0024 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7051
- OpenAlex
- W2591806671
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 13.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Ergonomics and Human Factors
- Keywords
- construct definition, formative measurement model, reflective measurement models, construct validity, usability measures, user experience, HCI theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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