Developing mindfulness in college students through movement-based courses: effects on self-regulatory self-efficacy, mood, stress, and sleep quality
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether mindfulness increased through participation in movement-based courses and whether changes in self-regulatory self-efficacy, mood, and perceived stress mediated the relationship between increased mindfulness and better sleep. PARTICIPANTS: 166 college students enrolled in the 2007-2008 academic year in 15 week classes in Pilates, Taiji quan, or GYROKINESIS. METHODS: At beginning, middle, and end of the semester, participants completed measures of mindfulness, self-regulatory self-efficacy, mood, perceived stress, and sleep quality. RESULTS: Total mindfulness scores and mindfulness subscales increased overall. Greater changes in mindfulness were directly related to better sleep quality at the end of the semester after adjusting for sleep disturbance at the beginning. Tiredness, Negative Arousal, Relaxation, and Perceived Stress mediated the effect of increased mindfulness on improved sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Movement-based courses can increase mindfulness. Increased mindfulness accounts for changes in mood and perceived stress, which explain, in part, improved sleep quality.
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Mindfulness-based interventions improve sleep quality and reduce the incidence of insomnia and sleep disorders.
“several studies showed that mindfulness-based interventions improve the quality of sleep (typical index of well-being) and reduce the incidence of insomnia and sleep disorders20–22.”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Abstract Results and Conclusions report that increased mindfulness in college students was associated with improved sleep quality. The Comment section says the study was observational, so it cannot establish that an intervention caused the improvement. The paper does not report reduced incidence of insomnia or sleep disorders. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe majority of studies were cross-sectional (n=32), with only two longitudinal studies including one intervention study.
“The majority of the studies were cross-sectional (n=32) with only two longitudinal studies [37,42] including one intervention study [37].”
From A systematic review and meta-analysis of poor sleep, insomnia symptoms and stress in undergraduate students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The majority of studies (n=15) were conducted in North America.
“The geographical location of the studies varied widely with the majority of (n=15) studies conducted in North America [37,44,46-58].”
From A systematic review and meta-analysis of poor sleep, insomnia symptoms and stress in undergraduate students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The Methods (Study Design; page unavailable) describe one study of students recruited from university classes but do not identify where the university was located. Searches for North America, the United States, and a study-site location found no passage establishing that this study was conducted in North America; this paper also cannot establish the aggregate count of 15 studies. (LLM, conf=0.67)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTen of the 34 studies were included after study authors provided clarifications, statistics, or additional data by email.
“Ten of the 34 [29,35-43] studies were included after study authors provided clarifications, statistics, or additional data by email.”
From A systematic review and meta-analysis of poor sleep, insomnia symptoms and stress in undergraduate students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The Methods (Study Design and Statistical Methods; pages unavailable) describe this study and its analyses, but do not address its inclusion in a later set of 34 studies. Searches for email correspondence, author clarifications, and additional data found no passage establishing that its authors supplied material by email. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Pilates and Mindfulness: A Qualitative Study
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- Authors
- Caldwell, K., Harrison, M., Adams, M., Quin, R. H., & Greeson, J.
- Affiliations
- Appalachian State University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Journal of American College Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-03-24
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 433-442
- ISSN
- 0164-4300 (ISSN-L)
- 0744-8481
- 1940-3208
- PMC
- PMC2879280
- OpenAlex
- W2080703617
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 11.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of American College Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Appalachian State University
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K99AT004945)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- mindfulness, mood, perceived stress, sleep quality, university students, Pilates, Tai Chi, mediation, fatigue, relaxation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Curriculum, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Models, Psychological, Perception, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Relaxation, Statistics as Topic, Stress, Psychological, Students, Universities, Linear Models, Self Efficacy, Exercise Movement Techniques, Young Adult
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