The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The relationship between religion and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the women's health initiative observational study
Abstract
Some studies suggest that religiosity may be related to health outcomes. The current investigation, involving 92,395 Women's Health Initiative Observational Study participants, examined the prospective association of religious affiliation, religious service attendance, and strength and comfort from religion with subsequent cardiovascular outcomes and death. Baseline characteristics and responses to religiosity questions were collected at enrollment. Women were followed for an average of 7.7 years and outcomes were judged by physician adjudicators. Cox proportional regression models were run to obtain hazard ratios (HR) of religiosity variables and coronary heart disease (CHD) and death. After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and prior health variables, self-report of religious affiliation, frequent religious service attendance, and religious strength and comfort were associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality [HR for religious affiliation = 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75-0.93] [HR for service attendance = 0.80; CI: 0.73-0.87] [HR for strength and comfort = 0.89; CI: 0.82-0.98]. However, these religion-related variables were not associated with reduced risk of CHD morbidity and mortality. In fact, self-report of religiosity was associated with increased risk of this outcome in some models. In conclusion, although self-report measures of religiosity were not associated with reduced risk of CHD morbidity and mortality, these measures were associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Of the 13 studies with the most rigorous methodology, nine (69%) found inverse relationships with CHD [357–365] and one found a positive one [366].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [360]
In the citing paper
“Of the 20 methodologically most rigorous studies, 12 (60%) found an association between R/S and lower risk or better outcomes [469–480], and none reported worse risk or outcomes.”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [471]
In the citing paper
“Considering the 63 methodologically most rigorous studies (quality ratings of 8 or higher), 47 (75%) found R/S predicting greater longevity (two at trend level) [548–566], whereas three (5%) reported shorter longevity [567–569].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [556]
In the citing paper
“In both the WHI and MESA cohorts, point estimates actually showed a higher risk of CVD among the more religiously involved.”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Schnall et al., 2010
Citations
Cites
Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies.
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955359 · Cited by 8,598
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-b · Cited by 6,643
BERKMAN, L. F., & SYME, S. L. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674 · Cited by 5,341
Design of the Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study
The Women’s Health Initiative Study Group (1998) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0 · Cited by 2,580
HOUSE, J. S., ROBBINS, C., & METZNER, H. L. (1982) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113387 · Cited by 1,381 · cited 2×
“Additionally, some have found a stronger protective effect among women than among men (House et al., 1982; Koenig et al., 1999).”
BackgroundReligion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health.
Powell, L. H., Shahabi, L., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.36 · Cited by 1,093
Psychosocial Influences on Mortality after Myocardial Infarction
Ruberman, W., Weinblatt, E., Goldberg, J. D., & Chaudhary, B. S. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198408303110902 · Cited by 979
Religion, spirituality, and medicine
Sloan, R., Bagiella, E., & Powell, T. P. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07376-0 · Cited by 851
Religious involvement and U.S. adult mortality
Hummer, R. A., Rogers, R. G., Nam, C. B., & Ellison, C. G. (1999) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2648114 · Cited by 825
SOCIAL NETWORK TIES AND MORTALITY AMONG TILE ELDERLY IN THE ALAMEDA COUNTY STUDY
Seeman, T. E., Kaplan, G. A., KNUDSEN, L., Cohen, R. D., & Guralnik, J. M. (1987) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114711 · Cited by 557
Development of a Brief Screening Instrument for Detecting Depressive Disorders
Burnam, M. A., Wells, K. B., LEAKE, B. D., & Landsverk, J. L. (1988) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198808000-00004 · Cited by 501
Religion, Disability, Depression, and the Timing of Death
Idler, E. L., & Kasl, S. V. (1992) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229861 · Cited by 385
Religion and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly.
Oman, D., & Reed, D. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.10.1469 · Cited by 350
Timeless Healing: The Power and Biology of Belief
Benson, H. (1996) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 341
Does Religious Attendance Prolong Survival? A Six-Year Follow-Up Study of 3,968 Older Adults
Koenig, H. G., Hays, J. C., Larson, D. B., George, L. K., Cohen, H. J., McCullough, M. E., Meador, K. G., & Blazer, D. G. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/54.7.m370 · Cited by 341
Goldbourt, U., Yaari, S., & Medalie, J. H. (2008) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000175862 · Cited by 304 · cited 2×
“Goldbourt, Yaari, and Medalie (1993) determined that Orthodox Jews were less likely to die of coronary heart disease (CHD) than the non-Orthodox.”
BackgroundPSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF MORTALITY AMONG THE ELDERLY POOR
Zuckerman, D. M., Kasl, S. V., & Ostfeld, A. M. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113759 · Cited by 285
Attendance at Religious Services and Mortality in a National Sample
Musick, M. A., House, J. S., & Williams, D. R. (2004) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650404500206 · Cited by 278
Depressive Symptoms and Other Psychosocial Factors as Predictors of Stroke in the Elderly
Colantonio, A., Kasl, S. V., & Ostfeld, A. M. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/136.7.884 · Cited by 194
Claims about religious involvement and health outcomes
Sloan, R. P., & Bagiella, E. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2401_03 · Cited by 191
Religious Attendance and Cause of Death over 31 Years
Oman, D., Kurata, J. H., Strawbridge, W. J., & Cohen, R. D. (2002) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/rjy7-crr1-hcw5-xveg · Cited by 189
Stressors in highly valued roles, religious coping, and mortality.
KRAUSE, N. M. (1998) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.13.2.242 · Cited by 112
Continued Survival of Older Hemodialysis Patients: Investigation of Psychosocial Predictors
Kutner, N. G., Lin, L. S., Fielding, B., BROGAN, D. R., & Hall, W. D. (1994) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80158-2 · Cited by 57
Stressors in highly valued roles, religious coping, and mortality.
KRAUSE, N. M. (1998) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.2.242 · Cited by 53
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications
Koenig, H. G. (2012) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.5402/2012/278730 · Cited by 2,423
“%) found an association between R/S and lower risk or better outcomes [469–480], and none reported worse risk or outcomes.”
BackgroundHandbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,160
Causal inference and longitudinal data: a case study of religion and mental health
VanderWeele, T. J., Jackson, J. W., & Li, S. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1281-9 · Cited by 322
“[40] report essentially no association between the attendance and incidence of cardiovascular disease.”
BackgroundChen, Y., Kim, E. S., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa120 · Cited by 190
VanderWeele, T. J., Yu, J., Cozier, Y. C., Wise, L. A., Argentieri, M. A., Rosenberg, L. A., Palmer, J. R., & Shields, A. E. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww179 · Cited by 173
Metadata
- Authors
- Schnall, E., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Swencionis, C., Zemon, V., Tinker, L., O'Sullivan, M. J., Van Horn, L., & Goodwin, M.
- Affiliations
- Yeshiva University (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schnall, Eliezer
- Venue
- Psychology & Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 249-263
- ISSN
- 0887-0446 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8321
- OpenAlex
- W2162283541
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Keywords
- religiosity, religious affiliation, religious service attendance, cardiovascular outcomes, coronary artery disease, all-cause mortality, women's health, Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Religion and Medicine, United States, Health Behavior, Proportional Hazards Models, Women's Health, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Observation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
