Memory functioning in children with reading disabilities and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a clinical investigation of their working memory and long-term memory functioning

Kibby, Michelle Y.; Cohen, Morris J.

doi:10.1080/09297040701821752

Cited by 119Developmental and Educational NeuropsychologyReading and Literacy DevelopmentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Memory functioning in children with reading disabilities and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a clinical investigation of their working memory and long-term memory functioning

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Kibby, Michelle Y., Cohen, Morris J.·2008·Child Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1080/09297040701821752PMC PMC2656576

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Abstract

We examined memory functioning in children with reading disabilities (RD), Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and RD/ADHD using a clinic sample with a clinical instrument: the Children's Memory Scale, enhancing its generalizability. Participants included 23 children with RD, 30 with ADHD, 30 with RD/ADHD, and 30 controls. Children with RD presented with reduced verbal short-term memory (STM) but intact visual STM, central executive (CE), and long-term memory (LTM) functioning. Their deficit in STM appeared specific to tasks requiring phonetic coding of material. Children with ADHD displayed intact CE and LTM functioning but reduced visual-spatial STM, especially when off stimulant medication. Children with RD/ADHD had deficits consistent with both disorders.

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Kibby and Cohen (2008) found that the comorbid group performed worse in both verbal and visuospatial working memory tasks than ADHD or dyslexia alone.
“Kibby and Cohen (2008) found that the comorbid group performed worse in both verbal and visuospatial WM tasks than ADHD or dyslexia alone.”
From Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as Kibby and Cohen (2008)
The Discussion (RD/ADHD; page unavailable) says the comorbid group had verbal-memory deficits like the RD-only group and reduced spatial-memory performance like the ADHD-only group, with no significant additional deficits. The Results do find a lower score than ADHD alone on one verbal task, Sequences, but do not support worse performance than both single-disorder groups on both types of task. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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Reading ability and memory span: Long-term memory contributions to span for good and poor readers
McDougall, S. J. P., & Fothergill, R. T. (2002) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1015224830778 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Predictive Accuracy of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Reading Difficulties
Dewey, D., Kaplan, B. J., Crawford, S. G., & Fisher, G. C. (2001) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn1902_3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Taxonomic Clustering and Frequency Associations as Features of Semantic Memory Development in Children with Learning Disabilities
Lee, C. P., & Obrzut, J. E. (1994) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949402700705 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Assessing Children's Intelligence and Memory: The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition and The Children's Memory Scale
Hildebrand, D. K., & Ledbetter, M. F. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012058570-0/50003-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Working Memory and Learning to Read
Hulme, C. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1041-6_19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1999)5:3

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Baddeley AD 1986 Working Memory Oxford, England Oxford University Press
Burgess GC 2006 Relationships among fluid intelligence, working memory, executive attention, and academic success: Understanding their common neural mechanisms Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering
Hulme C Roodenrys S 1995 Verbal working memory development and its disorders Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 36 373 398 7782403
Perfetti CA 1985 Reading ability New York Oxford University Press

Sorted by citations

A compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders
Ullman, M. T., & Pullman, M. Y. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.008 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
CMIP and ATP2C2 Modulate Phonological Short-Term Memory in Language Impairment
Newbury, D. F., Winchester, L. M., Addis, L., Paracchini, S., Buckingham, L.-L., Clark, A., Cohen, W., Cowie, H., Dworzynski, K., Everitt, A., et al. (2009) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.07.004 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Children’s Memory Scale
Cohen, M. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1532-2 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of background white noise on memory performance in inattentive school children
Söderlund, G. B. W., Sikström, S., Loftesnes, J. M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-55 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Reading disability is also linked with reduced short-term verbal memory that requires phonetic coding of material, but not necessarily with executive functions or long-term memory [67,68].”
Background
Executive functions in developmental dyslexia
Varvara, P., Varuzza, C., Sorrentino, A. C. P., Vicari, S., & Menghini, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00120 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“These complex demands could explain the deficits in tasks such as spoonerism usually found in dyslexic children (Jeffries and Everatt, 2004; Berninger et al., 2008; Kibby and Cohen, 2008; Menghini et al., 2011).”
Background
The Impact of Auditory Processing and Cognitive Abilities in Children
Tomlin, D., Dillon, H., Sharma, M., & Rance, G. (2015) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000172 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Links between working memory and reading are well documented (Kibby et al. 2004; Swanson & Jerman 2007; Kibby & Cohen 2008).”
Background
Working memory in children with specific learning disorders and/or attention deficits
Mähler, C., & Schuchardt, K. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.007 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders
Crisci, G., Caviola, S., Cardillo, R., & Mammarella, I. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.594234 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Comorbidity of reading disabilities and ADHD: Structural and functional brain characteristics
Langer, N., Benjamin, C. F. A., Becker, B. L. C., & Gaab, N. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24552 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Although a first paper provided some support for the phenocopy hypothesis (Pennington et al., 1993), a number of subsequent studies based on much larger samples have yielded insufficient support for this model (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Martinussen & Tannock, 2006; Willcutt et al., 2010).”
Result
Dyslexia as a multi-deficit disorder: Working memory and auditory temporal processing
Fostick, L., & Revah, H. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.12.010 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model for ADHD: a short overview
Meneses, A., Perez-Garcia, G., Ponce-López, T., Tellez, R., Gallegos‐Cari, A., & Castillo, C. (2011) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.024 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Development of Reading and Phonological Skills of Children at Family Risk for Dyslexia: A Longitudinal Analysis from Kindergarten to Sixth Grade
Dandache, S., Wouters, J. M., & Ghesquière, P. (2014) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1482 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Children’s Memory Scale
Cohen, M. J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1532 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
Handwriting performance and underlying factors in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Shen, I., Lee, T.-Y., & Chen, C. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Comparison of SHR, WKY and Wistar rats in different behavioural animal models: effect of dopamine D1 and alpha2 agonists
Langen, B., & Dost, R. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0034-y · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“For ADHD patients, no impairment of long-term memory is reported (Kaplan et al. 1998; Kibby and Cohen 2008 ).”
Background
Neurocognitive functioning in children with developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Multiple deficits and diagnostic accuracy
Moura, O., Pereira, M., Alfaiate, C., Fernandes, E., Fernandes, B., Nogueira, S., Moreno, J., & Simões, M. R. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1225007 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Neurocognitive functioning of the comorbid group As reported by previous studies (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Shanahan et al., 2006; Willcutt, Pennington, et al., 2005), the comorbid group exhibited significant weakness on almost all neurocognitive measures compared with TDC, but did not perform…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Reading performance is predicted by more than phonological processing
Kibby, M. Y., Lee, S. E., & Dyer, S. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00960 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Another important contributor to reading performance beyond phonological processing is WM (Vellutino et al., 2004; Kibby and Cohen, 2008; Sesma et al., 2009; Christopher et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cognitive Risks in Developmental Psychopathology
Hankin, B., Snyder, H. R., & Gulley, L. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy308 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…been no meta-analysis, individual studies have also found episodic verbal memory deficits in children and adolescents with ADHD (Cutting, Koth, Mahone, & Denckla, 2003; Udal, Øygarden, Egeland, Malt, & Groholt, 2012)(but see Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Vakil, Blachstein, Wertman-Elad, & Greenstein, 2012).”
Background
Children’s Memory Scale
Cohen, M. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1532 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Enhanced Recognition Memory after Incidental Encoding in Children with Developmental Dyslexia
Hedenius, M., Ullman, M. T., Alm, P. A., Jennische, M., & Persson, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063998 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Executive Dysfunction in Poor Readers Born Prematurely at High Risk
Frye, R. E., Landry, S. H., Swank, P. R., & Smith, K. E. (2009) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640902805727 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…function associated with typical reading ability, we investigated oral language (Chiappe, Chiappe, & Gottardo, 2004; Lindsey, Manis, & Bailey, 2003), verbal reasoning (Berninger, Abbott, Vermeulen, & Fulton, 2006), and verbal memory skills (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Steinbrink & Klatte, 2008).”
Neurocognitive Development and Predictors of L1 and L2 Literacy Skills in Dyslexia: A Longitudinal Study of Children 5–11 Years Old
Helland, T., & Morken, F. (2015) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1515 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…(see e.g. Gooch, Snowling, & Hulme, 2011; Helland & Asbjørnsen, 2000; Reiter, Tucha, & Lange, 2005), long term memory (LTM) (see e.g. Baddeley, 2000; Kibby & Cohen, 2008) and language comprehension (see e.g. Helland, 2007; Helland & Kaasa, 2005; Snowling, Bishop, & Stothard, 2000; Xiao & Ho,…”
Time-Based Prospective Memory Performance and Time-Monitoring in Children with ADHD
Zinke, K., Altgassen, M., Mackinlay, R. J., Rizzo, P., Drechsler, R., & Kliegel, M. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297041003631451 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although some studies found that children with ADHD perform poorly on delayed recall tasks (for visual material, Aloisi, McKone, Heubeck, 2004; Barnett, Maruff, & Vance, 2005), others provide evidence for intact delayed recall (Kaplan, Dewey, Crawford, & Fisher, 1998; Kibby & Cohen, 2008).”
Background
Face memory and face recognition in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review
Romani, M., Vigliante, M., Faedda, N., Rossetti, S., Pezzuti, L., Guidetti, V., & Cardona, F. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Between studies selected for this review, some research observed no significant differences between ADHD and TD groups (Shapiro et al., 1993; Guyer et al., 2007; Kibby and Cohen, 2008; Greenbaum et al., 2009; Ahmadi et al., 2011; Schwenck et al., 2013; Noordermeer et al., 2015; Berggren et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2016).”
Effects of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Intervention Principles in Emergent Literacy in Children at Risk of Developmental Dyslexia: A Longitudinal Study
Helland, T., Tjus, T., Hovden, M., Ofte, S. H., & Heimann, M. (2011) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410391188 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Impaired working memory is a benchmark in dyslexia, whereas there is little evidence of impaired long-term memory in dyslexia (Kibby & Cohen, 2008).”
Background
WISC‐III Cognitive Profiles in Children with Developmental Dyslexia: Specific Cognitive Disability and Diagnostic Utility
Moura, O., Simões, M. R., & Pereira, M. A. M. (2013) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1468 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…storage of material that has been read is dependent on working memory, and working memory impairments have been related to specific characteristics of children with DD (Beneventi, Tønnessen, Ersland, & Hugdahl, 2010; Fiorello, Hale, & Snyder, 2006; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Swanson, 1999, 2011).”
Background
Developmental Dyslexia and Phonological Processing in European Portuguese Orthography
Moura, O., Moreno, J., Pereira, M. A. M., & Simões, M. R. (2014) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1489 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
There are Multiple Contributors to the Verbal Short-Term Memory Deficit in Children with Developmental Reading Disabilities
Kibby, M. Y. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040902748218 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…together, these findings suggest VSTM for familiar words is intact in children with RD, consistent with prior literature in this area (Kibby, 2008; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Lee & Obrzut, 1994; McDougall & Donohoe, 2002), likely due to an adequate ability to code/ store/retrieve items by their meaning.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Mutation of the dyslexia-associated geneDcdc2impairs LTM and visuo-spatial performance in mice
Gabel, L. A., Marin, I., LoTurco, J. J., Che, A., Murphy, C., Manglani, M., & Kass, S. (2011) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00727.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
WISC-III Cognitive Profiles in Children with ADHD: Specific Cognitive Impairments and Diagnostic Utility
Moura, O., Costa, P., & Simões, M. R. (2019) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2018.1561410 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Learning and Memory Impairments in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Andersen, P. N., Egeland, J., & Øie, M. (2013) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219412437040 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Working Memory Control Deficit in Kindergarten ADHD Children
Re, A. M., Franchis, V. D., & Cornoldi, C. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903373404 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In particular the meta-analysis by Martinussen, Hayden, Hogg-Johnson, and Tannock (2005), evaluating evidence on verbal and visuospatial working memory in relation to ADHD, suggests that impairments may be stronger for visuospatial working memory (see also Kibby & Cohen, 2008).”
Background
The effect of classroom environment on literacy development
Rance, G., Dowell, R. C., & Tomlin, D. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00157-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The pars triangularis in dyslexia and ADHD: A comprehensive approach
Kibby, M. Y., Kroese, J. M., Krebbs, H., Hill, C. E., & Hynd, G. W. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.03.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Visual processing in reading disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its contribution to basic reading ability
Kibby, M. Y., Dyer, S. M., Vadnais, S. A., Jagger-Rickels, A. C., Casher, G. A., & Stacy, M. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01635 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This carries over to visual STM, as visual STM may be intact when spatial demands are low but impaired when spatial demands are high (McInnes et al., 2003; Karatekin, 2004; Martinussen et al., 2005; Kibby and Cohen, 2008; Kibby, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Memory and Learning in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review and Examination of Moderators of Outcome
Lajiness-O'Neill, R. R., Erdődi, L. A., & Bigler, E. D. (2010) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09084281003708837 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Although there have been several studies examining memory functioning using the CMS (Hawley et al, 2004 ) in other clinical populations such as reading disability (Kibby & Cohen, 2008 ) and specific language impairment (Riccio, Cash, & Cohen, 2007 ), very few studies have examined the pattern of memory deficits noted…”
Background
Memory Functioning in Developmental Dyslexia: An Analysis Using Two Clinical Memory Measures
Kibby, M. Y. (2009) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acp028 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In contrast, phonological STM was impaired in dyslexia in Study 1, consistent with prior research (Kibby, in press; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Rack et al., 1992; Wagner et al., 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Global gray matter morphometry differences between children with reading disability, ADHD, and comorbid reading disability/ADHD
Jagger-Rickels, A. C., Kibby, M. Y., & Constance, J. (2018) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2018.08.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Memory in Early Onset Bipolar Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Similarities and Differences
Udal, A. H., Øygarden, B., Egeland, J., Malt, U. F., & Grøholt, B. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9631-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Is executive dysfunction a potential contributor to the comorbidity between basic reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Kibby, M. Y., Newsham, G., Imre, Z., & Schlak, J. E. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1908532 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In terms of the phonological loop, Kibby and Cohen (2008) showed children with RD and ADHD had impaired performance on forward digit span, and the RD/ADHD interaction term was not significant.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Effects of an Adaptive Phonological Training Program on Reading and Phonological Processing Skills in Arabic-Speaking Children With Dyslexia
Layes, S., Lalonde, R., & Rebai, M. A. (2019) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2018.1515049 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of d-amphetamine on short- and long-term memory in spontaneously hypertensive, Wistar–Kyoto and Sprague–Dawley rats
Meneses, A., Ponce-López, T., Tellez, R., González, R., Castillo, C., & Gasbarri, A. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.035 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Neuropsychological characteristics of dyslexic children
Cruz-Rodrigues, C., Barbosa, T., Piza, C. M. J. D. T., Miranda, M. C., & Bueno, O. F. A. (2014) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201427315 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…children may present impairment in tasks involving the phonological loop ,even though most of these individuals have within average performances in skills that involve the visuo-spatial sketchpad, central executive and/or episodic buffer subcomponents (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Kibby et al., 2004).”
Influential
The long-term effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on verbal working memory: An fMRI study of young adults
Longo, C. A., Fried, P. A., Cameron, I. G. M., & Smith, A. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.006 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“…for a wide range of cognitive skills such as language comprehension, learning and reasoning (Baddeley, 1992) and individuals with working memory deficits are at an Page 5 of 44 Ac ce pt ed M an us cr ip t 5 increased risk for reading difficulties (Gathercole et al., 2006; Kibby and Cohen, 2008).”
Background
A longitudinal study of risk and protective factors associated with successful transition to secondary school in youth with ADHD: prospective cohort study protocol
Zendarski, N. J., Sciberras, E., Mensah, F. K., & Hiscock, H. (2016) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0555-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These include: problems with peer relations including peer victimisation [45], sleep problems [46], irritability [47], cognitive problems [41, 48, 49], working memory issues [49, 50], substance use [51] and delinquency [52], which are all likely to be risk factors for an unsuccessful high school transition.”
Background
A longitudinal investigation of the double dissociation between reading and spelling deficits: the role of linguistic and executive function skills
Papadopoulos, T. C., Spanoudis, G. C., & Chatzoudi, D. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10029-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Differences in memory functioning between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or focal epilepsy
Lee, S. E., Kibby, M. Y., Cohen, M. J., Stanford, L. D., Park, Y., & Strickland, S. M. (2015) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1060955 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep-Related Declarative Memory Consolidation in Children and Adolescents with Developmental Dyslexia
Reda, F., Gorgoni, M., D’Atri, A., Scarpelli, S., Carpi, M., Cola, E. D., Menghini, D., Vicari, S., Stella, G., & Gennaro, L. D. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010073 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Similar inconsistencies have been found in the verbal domain, with preserved [31] or impaired [30] long-term verbal abilities in children with DD.”
Background
Working Memory in Portuguese Children With Developmental Dyslexia
Moura, O., Simões, M. R., & Pereira, M. A. M. (2014) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2014.885389 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Whereas the deficits in PL and CE tasks exhibited by children with DD have been reported extensively (Schuchardt et al., 2008; Smith-Spark & Fisk, 2007; Swanson et al., 2009), the findings regarding VSSP have been inconsistent (Bacon et al., 2013; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Menghini et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Procedural and declarative learning in dyslexia
West, G., Clayton, F. J., Shanks, D. R., & Hulme, C. (2019) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1615 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Impairments on such tasks in children with dyslexia are typically observed in comparison with age‐matched typically developing children (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Menghini, Carlesimo, Marotta, Finzi, & Vicari, 2010; Vellutino & Scanlon, 1985).”
Background
Frontal volume as a potential source of the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorders
Kibby, M. Y., Dyer, S. M., Lee, S. E., & Stacy, M. E. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112382 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“While EF may be spared in some children with ADHD (Castellanos, Sonuga-Barke, Milham, & Tannock, 2006; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005; Willcutt, Doyle, Nigg, Faraone, & Pennington, 2005), a large body of research suggests that children with ADHD typically have…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
A New Paradigm for Training Hyperactive Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats: Influence of Novel Stimuli on Object Recognition
Kurzina, N. P., Volnova, A. B., Aristova, I., & Gainetdinov, R. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.654469 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Co‐morbidities in Chinese children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disabilities
Wang, L., & Chung, K. K. H. (2017) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1579 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cognitive and Behavioural Weaknesses in Children with Reading Disorder and AD(H)D
Turker, S., Seither‐Preisler, A., Reiterer, S., & Schneider, P. T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51372-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The influences of multiple informants' ratings of inattention on preschoolers' emergent literacy skills growth
Allan, D. M., Allan, N. P., Lonigan, C. J., Hume, L. E., Farrington, A. L., & Vinco, M. H. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.05.014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Desempenho ortográfico de escolares com dislexia do desenvolvimento e com dislexia do desenvolvimento associado ao transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade
Alves, D. C., Casella, E. B., & Ferraro, A. A. (2016) · CoDAS · doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20162015068 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of working memory and visual search skill on Chinese reading comprehension: examining the simple view of reading
Liu, S., Li, N., Zhang, X., Wang, L., & Liu, D. (2024) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-024-10515-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“One the other hand, some studies have found a relationship between working memory and word decoding (e.g., Christopher et al., 2012; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Kibby et al., 2014; but see Keresteš et al., 2019).”
The Relationship Between Cerebral Hemisphere Volume and Receptive Language Functioning in Dyslexia and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Kibby, M. Y., Pavawalla, S., Fancher, J. B., Naillon, A. J., & Hynd, G. W. (2009) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073808324772 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Understanding 24-hour movement guideline adherence and links to school achievement, social-behavioural problems, and emotional functioning among children and adolescents with learning disabilities
Liu, Z., Herold, F., Healy, S., Haegele, J. A., Block, M. E., Ludyga, S., Ng, J. L., Gerber, M., Hossain, M. M., Taylor, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2023.2288259 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The latter ﬁ nding is critical because children and adolescents with LD tend to experience memory problems including working memory and long-term memory (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Maehler & Schu-chardt, 2009), which can result in learning di ﬃ culties.”
Inhibition: Mental Control Process or Mental Resource?
Im‐Bolter, N., Johnson, J., Ling, D. S., & Pascual‐Leone, J. (2014) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2014.930743 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…resource is often discussed in the literature, and processing capacity has been found to be deficient in children with learning disabilities (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Malstädt, Hasselhorn, & Lehmann, 2012), including those with language impairment (Hanson & Montgomery, 2002; Montgomery, 2002a;…”
Background
Comorbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disabilities: Implications for assessment and treatment
Miranda, A., Herrero, M. J. P., Siegenthaler, R., Diago, C. C., & Pinto, V. D. P. T. (2011) · Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities · doi:10.1108/s0735-004x(2011)0000024010 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The attentional blink in typically developing and reading-disabled children
de Groot, B. J. A., den Bos, K. P. V., van der Meulen, B. F., & Minnaert, A. E. M. G. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.05.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Notwithstanding, and consistent with previous research findings (Bental & Tirosh, 2007; Bolden, Rapport, Raiker, Sarver, & Kofler, 2012; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Tiffin-Richards, Hasselhorn, Woerner, Rothenberger, & Banaschewski, 2008; Van De Voorde, Roeyers, Verté, & Wiersema, 2011), these results…”
Cognitive predictors of sequential motor impairments in children with dyslexia and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Marchand-Krynski, M.-È., Bélanger, A.-M., Morin‐Moncet, O., Beauchamp, M. H., & Leonard, G. T. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1467421 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…difficulties, such as slowed information processing, have been the subject of a growing number of studies (Katz, Brown, Roth, & Beers, 2011; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; McGrath et al., 2011; Willcutt, Pennington, Olson, Chhabildas, & Hulslander, 2005), the observation that both dyslexia and ADHD…”
Background
Allocentric but not egocentric visual memory difficulties in adults with ADHD may represent cognitive inefficiency
Brown, F. C., Roth, R. M., & Katz, L. J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.051 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…Tannock, 2009; Johnson et al., 2001; Muller et al., 2007; Shang and Gau, 2011) were confounded by skills typically problematic among ADHD samples such as fine motor control (Johnson et al., 2010; Lavasani and Stagnitti, 2011) and working memory demands (Barnett et al., 2009; Kibby and Cohen, 2008).”
Background
Accounting for Intraindividual Profiles in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales Improves the Prediction of School Performance
Lenhard, A., & Daseking, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111635 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Object Recognition Memory Deficits in ADHD: A Meta-analysis
Lobato-Camacho, F. J., & Faísca, L. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-024-09645-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Importance of Memory in Reading Processes
Carreteiro, R. M., & Figueira, A. P. C. (2017) · Madridge Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.18689/mjns-1000105 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“However, these findings are contrary to the view that only visual memory or auditory memory would be relevant for RP [8, 43].”
BackgroundResult
Bilingualism and reading difficulties: an exploration in episodic and semantic memory
Jalali-Moghadam, N., & Kormi-Nouri, R. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2017.1293673 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…in relation to reading research, some findings propose contradictory patterns of results with respect to memory in poor reading (i.e. intact [e.g. Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Li, Shu, McBride-Chang, Liu, & Xue, 2009; Messbauer & de Jong, 2003], deficient episodic memory [e.g. Menghini, Carlesimo,…”
Result
Face Memory Deficits in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Suri, K. N., Lewis, M., Minar, N. J., Willson, E., & Ace, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09840-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Which neuropsychological functions predict various processing speed components in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Vadnais, S. A., Kibby, M. Y., & Jagger-Rickels, A. C. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1469135 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“More specifically, visual/non-spatial short-term memory performance may be intact (French, Zentall, & Bennett, 2001; Karatekin, 2004; Kibby & Cohen, 2008; McInnes et al., 2003; Rucklidge & Tannock, 2002; Willcutt et al., 2001), but visual-spatial short-term memory performance is frequently poor…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Convergent and discriminant validity of the Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing Battery (ImPACT) in young athletes
Koehl, L., Walls, B. D., Brothers, S. L., Morris, S. N., Glueck, A. C., Schmitt, F. A., Berry, D. T. R., & Han, D. Y. (2018) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2018.1436440 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“CMS correlates well with other measures of cognitive and intellectual ability, demonstrating at least a moderate relationship between the CMS subtests and other memory measures (Kibby & Cohen, 2008).”
Method
Improving cognitive function in Chinese children with ADHD and/or RD through computerized working memory training
Poon, K., Ho, M. S. H., Wang, L., Lee, H. M., Lau, W. K., & Chan, W. W. L. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02065-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“As part of the current study, participants repeated verbally presented digits in the digit span backward task, supporting past research that verbal working memory deficits in RD are a consequence of phonological loop deficits [102– 104].”
Result
Link Between Topographic Memory and the Combined Presentation of ADHD (ADHD-C): A Pilot Study
Faedda, N., Guariglia, C., Piccardi, L., Natalucci, G., Rossetti, S., Baglioni, V., Fegatelli, D. A., Romani, M., Vigliante, M., & Guidetti, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647243 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with previous studies that found that children with ADHD tend to display intact LTM if the material is encoded successfully (122, 123), suggesting that if children with ADHD have encoded information into long-term memory, they have no difficulties in retaining and retrieving that information…”
Result
Examining Distinctive Working Memory Profiles in Chinese Children With Predominantly Inattentive Subtype of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Reading Difficulties
Poon, K., Ho, M. S. H., & Wang, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718112 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
DigiSpan: Development and Evaluation of a Computer-Based, Adaptive Test of Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
Dillon, H., Boyle, C., Gaikwad, S. M., Luengtaweekul, P., & Cameron, S. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00466 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cognitive Profiles in Preschool Children at Risk for Co-Occurring Dyslexia and ADHD
Kellens, S., Baeyens, D., & Ghesquière, P. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14040435 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“2024 , 14 , 435 3 of 20 these studies have found that children with co-occurring dyslexia and ADHD have both a phonological processing and an inhibition deficit [12,45,46].”
Background
Comparison of the Computer and Hand Administered Versions of the Brown Location Test (BLT)
Brown, F. C., O’Connor, B. P., Vitelli, K., Heinly, M. T., Rommel, G. C., & Davis, R. N. (2017) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acx049 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The results indicated that the groups did not differ on the learning trials or primary delayed memory scores (Brown et al., 2010), whereas prior studies found that single-exposure, drawing based visual memory tests were often lower among AD/HD patients (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Shang & Gau, 2011).”
Result
Memory Aids as a Disability-Related Accommodation? Let’s Remember to Recommend Them Appropriately
Harrison, A. G., Holmes, A., & Pollock, B. (2020) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573520979581 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Predictive models of reading difficulties considering neuropsycholinguistic profiles of atypical and ADHD-inattentive type readers, and eye-tracking measures
Cardoso-Pereira, N., Costa, M. A., & Guerreiro, M. (2024) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.16.4.6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Almost all studies investigating phonological loop capacity have documented reductions in verbal span in children with developmental dyslexia (Kibby & Cohen, 2008; Menghini et al., 2011; Swanson et al., 2009; Willcutt et al., 2005).”
Background
Les capacités mnésiques de l’enfant présentant un trouble déficit de l’attention : état des lieux
Martín, P., Speranza, M., & Colombel, F. (2022) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2021.12.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Verbal short-term memory in developmental dyslexia: The role of the temporoparietal area
Lukic, S., Qi, T., Watson, C., Mandelli, M. L., Bogley, R., Shabash, M., Caverzasi, E., Borghesani, V., Dronkers, N. F., & Gorno‐Tempini, M. L. (2025) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105570 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, the ability to decode and store verbal information by relying on its meaning may be intact in dyslexia (Kibby, 2009; Kibby and Cohen, 2008; McDougall and Donohoe, 2002).”
A Literature Review of Working Memoryin Children with Language Disorders
김화수, & 이세연 (2013) · Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders · doi:10.15724/jslhd.2013.22.2.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dificultades de lectoescritura en trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad
Sepúlveda, E. M., García, N. P., & López-Resa, P. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2020.n2.v1.1972 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Profile in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Dyslexia
Tanır, Y., & Kılıç, B. G. (2023) · Medical Science and Discovery · doi:10.36472/msd.v10i7.995 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These results are consistent with the results of previous studies (34,35).”
Result
Procedural and declarative memory and language ability in children
West, G. (2018) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Predicting Adolescents' Academic Achievement: The Contribution of Attention and Working Memory
Napier, D. E. (2014) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Long-term cognitive outcomes of Chiari II malformation and corpus callosum abnormalities in myelomeningocele
Öğüt, E. (2025) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-025-07042-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Typical cognitive weaknesses in school-aged children with MMC include attention impairments, executive dysfunction, slower processing speed, and deficits in memory and novel problem-solving, often accompanied by relative strengths in rote learning or vocabulary [1, 26].”
Assessing Executive Functions in Children With Developmental Dyslexia: A Comprehensive Approach
Guerra, A., Remaud, J., Cadeau, O., Charbonnier, V., Dubrey, M.-C., Proteau, J., Daheron, M., Roch, M. L., Roulin, J., Fournet, N., et al. (2025) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.70016 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“One possible explanation for this result is that the executive load in updating tasks may be greater than in classic working memory tasks (Kibby and Cohen 2008).”
SOTSIAAL- JA HARIDUSTEADUSKOND ERIPEDAGOOGIKA OSAKOND
Ülikool, T. R., Kompus, M., & Hääleprobleemidele, Õ. H. (2010) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid reading disorder with consideration of executive functioning
Willcutt, E. G. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815755-8.00003-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Study on Mental Health Problems of Children with Learning Disabilities
常, 晓. (2020) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2020.1010174 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mémoire épisodique d’enfants présentant un trouble déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité
Martin, P., Speranza, M., & Colombela, F. (2023) · Enfance · doi:10.3917/enf2.233.0243 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Memory performance on the ChAMP in autism spectrum disorder with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Imre, Z., Prickett, C., Sapp, L., Ferguson, B. J., Nowell, K. P., & Mohrland, M. D. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2023.2278148 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Looking at broader memory functions, Kibby et al. (2021) found intact short-and long-term verbal memory but inconsistent visual memory on the Children’s Memory Scale (Cohen, 1997).”
Beyond diagnoses; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder vs. early onset bipolar disorder
Beate, A., & Udal, H. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validity of Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT)
Koehl, L. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.266 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“CMS Dots Locations Learning and Dot Locations Short Delay were sensitive to differences between children with reading disabilities and ADHD (Kibby & Cohen, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Novel Cognitive-Linguistic Approach to Addressing Developmental Reading Disorders: A Pilot Study
Paek, E., & Murray, L. L. (2018) · Communication Sciences & Disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.18533
“…have argued that individuals with developmental reading disorders do not exhibit impairment in the central executive component of their WM (Kibby & Cohen, 2008), findings from recent studies involving this population suggest impairment in both the phonological store and central executive…”
BackgroundResult
Memory for actions in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia
Li, G., Yang, Q., Yang, J., Liu, H., & Jia, L. (2019) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-019-00946-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
L’hypothèse du déficit procédural : apport pour la compréhension du trouble développemental du langage, sa spécificité et ses comorbidités
Juvené, E., Thomas, N., Aeby, A., & Urbain, C. M. (2022) · Enfance · doi:10.3917/enf2.221.0041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
I disturbi del neurosviluppo: i limiti della diagnosi categoriale e la ricerca dei costrutti di base del funzionamento
Vio, C., & Olla, V. (2023) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2022oa15609 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Longitudinal Stability of Memory in Males with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cramond, A. J. (2012) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

An Examination Of Executive Function And Reading Ability In Children With A Reading Disability And Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Muse, S. (2007) · UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota)
Working Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Reading Disabilities: A Selective Meta-Analysis of the Literature
Swanson, H. L., Zheng, X., & Jerman, O. (2009) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219409331958 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
1Working Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Reading Disabilities A Selective Meta-Analysis of the Literature
Swanson, H. L., Zheng, X., & Jerman, O. (2009)
Memory Performance of Children with ADHD and Reading Disability
Williams, B. L. (2015)
Attention deficits and reading disabilities: Are immediate memory defects additive?
Johnson, B. D., ALTMAIER, E. M., & Richman, L. C. (1999) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649909540746 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Authors: Kibby, M. Y., & Cohen, M. J.
Affiliations: Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
Augusta University (US)
Corresponding author: Kibby, Michelle Y.
ORCID: Kibby, Michelle Y.
Cohen, Morris J.
Venue: Child Neuropsychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-11-12
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Pages: 525-546
ISSN: 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
1744-4136
DOI: 10.1080/09297040701821752
PMC: PMC2656576
OpenAlex: W2012054398
Cited by: 118
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 9.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03HD048752)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: reading disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, working memory, long-term memory, short-term memory, central executive, phonological coding, visuospatial memory, stimulant medication
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Dyslexia, Educational Status, Female, Georgia, Humans, Male, Mathematics, Memory, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Phonetics, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reading, Task Performance and Analysis, Comorbidity

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Memory functioning in children with reading disabilities and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a clinical investigation of their working memory and long-term memory functioning

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