The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect?
Open accessAbstract
This research investigates whether early childhood bilingualism affects working memory performance in 6- to 8-year-olds, followed over a longitudinal period of 3 years. The study tests the hypothesis that bilinguals might exhibit more efficient working memory abilities than monolinguals, potentially via the opportunity a bilingual environment provides to train cognitive control by combating interference and intrusions from the non-target language. A total of 44 bilingual and monolingual children, matched on age, sex, and socioeconomic status, completed assessments of working memory (simple span and complex span tasks), fluid intelligence, and language (vocabulary and syntax). The data showed that the monolinguals performed significantly better on the language measures across the years, whereas no language group effect emerged on the working memory and fluid intelligence tasks after verbal abilities were considered. The study suggests that the need to manage several language systems in the bilingual mind has an impact on children's language skills while having little effects on the development of working memory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In contrast, it has been suggested that a bilingual advantage is not observed in other EF domains such as working memory”
From Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders? (2019) · cites this paper as Engel de Abreu, 2011
In the citing paper
“Number repetition forward is considered a measure of short-term memory, whereas number repetition backwards is a more complex measure that taps into both short-term and working memory (e.g., Eigsti, 2011;Engel de Abreu, 2011).”
From Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders? (2019) · cites this paper as Engel de Abreu, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?
Baddeley, A. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01538-2 · Cited by 7,359 · cited 3×
“It is now widely accepted that working memory comprises of mechanisms devoted to the short-term storage of information and domain-general mechanisms of cognitive control that regulate and coordinate those maintenance operations and prevent working memory overload by suppressing activated task-irrelevant information (B…”
BackgroundWorking memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078
Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition
Bialystok, E. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511605963 · Cited by 2,270
The phonological loop as a language learning device.
Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.158 · Cited by 2,199
Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105 · Cited by 2,187
Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Bower, G. H. (1975) · Cited by 1,839
Brain Structures Differ between Musicians and Non-Musicians
Christian Gaser, B., & Gottfried Schlaug, A. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-27-09240.2003 · Cited by 1,626
Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290 · Cited by 1,618
Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory
St Clair-Thompson, H. L., & Gathercole, S. E. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210500162854 · Cited by 1,278 · cited 1×
“Working memory in contrast has been more consistently linked to updating and does not seem to bear close links with inhibition or switching (Miyake et al, 2000 ; St Clair-Thompson & Gathercole, 2006 ).”
BackgroundTraining of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.24.6.781.8395 · Cited by 1,225
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
(1996) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700001089 · Cited by 1,220
Grosjean, F. (2010) · doi:10.4159/9780674056459 · Cited by 1,154
On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes
Cowan, N., Elliott, E. M., Scott Saults, J., Morey, C. C., Mattox, S., Hismjatullina, A., & Conway, A. R. A. (2005) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001 · Cited by 1,144
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D. J., & Minkoff, S. R. B. (2002) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00096-4 · Cited by 1,108
Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children
Carlson, S. M., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x · Cited by 1,052
Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: evidence from the dimensional change card sort task
Bialystok, E., & Martin, M. M. (2004) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00351.x · Cited by 1,041
Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain
Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O'Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Price, C. J. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/431757a · Cited by 1,005
Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184242 · Cited by 970
Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859 · Cited by 925
Lexical Development in Bilingual Infants and Toddlers: Comparison to Monolingual Norms
Pearson, B. Z., Fernández, S. C., & Oller, D. K. (1993) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1993.tb00174.x · Cited by 912
Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind
Bialystok, E. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00046 · Cited by 878
de López, K. M. J. (2010) · Cited by 877
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.26.2.336 · Cited by 732
The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children
MARTIN-RHEE, M. M., & Bialystok, E. (2008) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728907003227 · Cited by 655
Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts
van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196335 · Cited by 651
Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.1038 · Cited by 597
The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
Sternberg, R., & Kaufman, S. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244 · Cited by 543
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-0098 · Cited by 540
Executive control in a modified antisaccade task: Effects of aging and bilingualism.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Ryan, J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.6.1341 · Cited by 433
Jared, D., & Kroll, J. F. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2747 · Cited by 421
Thordardottir, E. T., Rothenberg, A., Rivard, M.-E., & Naves, R. (2005) · Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/14769670500215647 · Cited by 334
Phonotactic influences on short-term memory.
Gathercole, S. E., FRANKISH, C. R., Pickering, S. J., & Peaker, S. M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.1.84 · Cited by 293
Role of Working‐Memory Capacity in Cognitive Control
Engle, R. W. (2010) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/650572 · Cited by 283
Snowling, M. J., Chiat, S., & Hulme, C. (1991) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400009279 · Cited by 280
Gathercole, S. E., & Masoura, E. V. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210344000323 · Cited by 229
MARDIA, K. V. (1971) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/58.1.105 · Cited by 223
Working memory and fluid intelligence in young children
Engel de Abreu, P. M. J., Conway, A. R. A., & Gathercole, S. E. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.07.003 · Cited by 212
Self-citationThe bilingual effect on Boston Naming Test performance
GOLLAN, T. H., FENNEMA-NOTESTINE, C., MONTOYA, R. I., & JERNIGAN, T. L. (2007) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617707070038 · Cited by 209
OECD (2009) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/9789264048096-en · Cited by 196
Proactive interference and item similarity in working memory.
Bunting, M. F. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.183 · Cited by 187
Majerus, S., Poncelet, M., Greffe, C., & der Linden, M. V. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.07.005 · Cited by 177
Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test
Frauwirth, S., Michalec, D., & Henninger, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1544-2 · Cited by 155
Thordardottir, E. T. (2005) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820410001729655 · Cited by 135
A working memory, not bilingual advantage, in controlled attention
Namazi, M., & Thordardottir, E. T. (2010) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2010.488288 · Cited by 134
Comprehension processes in simultaneous interpreting
Bajo, M. T., Padilla, F. M., & Benítez, P. P. (2000) · Benjamins translation library · doi:10.1075/btl.39.15baj · Cited by 126
Kohnert, K. J., Windsor, J., & Yim, D. (2006) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2006.00204.x · Cited by 116
Inhibitory Processes in Young Children and Individual Variation in Short-Term Memory
Espy, K. A., & Bull, R. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_6 · Cited by 109
Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A., Hewes, A. K., Leeke, T. C., & Phillips, C. E. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.10.004 · Cited by 73
Costa, A., Roelstraete, B., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2006) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03213911 · Cited by 63
Working memory and fluid intelligence: A multi-mechanism view
Conway, A. R. A., Macnamara, B. N., Getz, S. J., & de Abreu, P. E. (2011) · Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) · Cited by 21
Self-citationThe Wenner‐Gren Symposium Series
Aiello, L. C. (2010) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/651449 · Cited by 20
Luxembourg, a Multilingual Society at the Romance/Germanic Language Border
Fehlen, F. (2002) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434630208666456 · Cited by 19
(1996) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198240167.001.0001 · Cited by 16
Phonological networks and new word learning
Service, E. (2006) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716406300392 · Cited by 9
A Semantic Model to Study Neural Organization of Language in Bilingualism
Ursino, M., Cuppini, C., & Magosso, E. (2010) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2010/350269 · Cited by 3
de Abreu, P. E. (2009) · Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Alloway , T. P. 2007 . Automated working memory assessment , London : Pearson Assessment .
- Archibald , L. M. D. 2008 . The promise of nonword repetition as a clinical tool . Canadian Journal of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology , 32 : 21 – 28 .
- 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1017/CBO9780511977244.021 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.06.002 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0278-7393.26.2.336 · DOI
- Kirps , J. and Reitz , J. 2001 . National report: Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg , Strasbourg : Council of Europe .
- Kline , R. B. 2005 . Principles and practice of structural equational modelling , 2nd ed , New York : The Guilford Press .
- Raven , J. C. , Court , J. H. and Raven , J. 1986 . Coloured progressive matrices , London : H. K. Lewis .
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children
Morales, J., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002 · Cited by 599
The cognitive development of young dual language learners: A critical review
Barac, R., Bialystok, E., Castro, D. C., & Sánchez, M. (2014) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.02.003 · Cited by 522
Bilingualism and the development of executive function: The role of attention
Bialystok, E. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12116 · Cited by 375
Melby-Lervåg, M., & Lervåg, A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0033890 · Cited by 363
The benefits of being bilingual: Working memory in bilingual Turkish–Dutch children
Blom, E., Küntay, A. C., Messer, M. H., Verhagen, J., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.06.007 · Cited by 332
Metadata
- Authors
- Engel de Abreu, P. M. J.
- Affiliations
- EMACS Research Unit, University of Luxembourg
- Venue
- Memory
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 529-537
- ISSN
- 0965-8211 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0686
- OpenAlex
- W2076497554
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 11.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orbilu.uni.lu
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Université du Luxembourg
- Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- working memory, bilingualism, early childhood bilingualism, multilingual children, cognitive control, fluid intelligence, language development, vocabulary, syntax, complex span, bilingual advantage, longitudinal development
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Child Language, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Language Tests, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Multilingualism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
