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A history of blood glucose meters and their role in self-monitoring of diabetes mellitus
Abstract
Self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) systems have the potential to play an important role in the management of diabetes and in the reduction of risk of serious secondary clinical complications. This review describes the transition from simple urine sugar screening tests to sophisticated meter and reagent strip systems to monitor blood glucose. Significant developments in design and technology over the past four decades are described since the first meter was introduced in 1970. Factors that have influenced this evolution and the challenges to improve analytical performance are discussed. Current issues in the role of SMBG from the clinical, patient and manufacturer perspectives, notably adherence, costs and regulations, are also considered.
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“Urine is a noninvasive fluid for inexpensive, easy to use glucose testing, that has historically dominated diabetes monitoring before the blood glucose sensors era (Figure 4F) 169.”
From Glucose biosensors in clinical practice: principles, limits and perspectives of currently used devices (2022) · cites this paper as [169]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Clarke, S. F., & Foster, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Biomedical Science (GB)
- Venue
- British Journal of Biomedical Science
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 83-93
- ISSN
- 0967-4845 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W103326292
- Cited by
- 456
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 15.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Biomedical Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- blood glucose meters, self-monitoring of blood glucose, diabetes mellitus, test strips, analytical performance, patient adherence, cost, regulation, diabetes management
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Equipment Design, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Reproducibility of Results, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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